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When released extracellularly, HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1 becomes an alarmin that can mediate systemic diseases. High mobility group box 1 signals via two main receptors: receptor for advanced glycation end\u2010products (RAGE<\/jats:styled-content>) and toll\u2010like receptor\u20104 (TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4). We hypothesized that HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1 expression is increased in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP<\/jats:styled-content>) relative to healthy controls. Therefore, HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1 and its receptors were mapped in tissue biopsies from 25 patients with OLP<\/jats:styled-content> and from 20 healthy controls by immunostaining and ImageJ analysis. High mobility group box 1 was induced in oral keratinocytes in all patients with OLP<\/jats:styled-content>. The band\u2010like cell infiltrate in patients with OLP<\/jats:styled-content> revealed very strong staining for RAGE<\/jats:styled-content>. Likewise, TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 was overexpressed throughout OLP<\/jats:styled-content> mucosa which co\u2010localized with HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1. In conclusion, we suggest that OLP<\/jats:styled-content> could partly be an HMGB<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010mediated condition by creating a proinflammatory loop cycle via RAGE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010signalling axes, which may contribute to the chronicity of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T09:35:12Z","timestamp":1524216912000},"page":"244-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Role of the high mobility group box 1 signalling axes via the receptor for advanced glycation end\u2010products and toll\u2010like receptor\u20104 in the immunopathology of oral lichen planus: a potential drug 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