{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T11:53:33Z","timestamp":1769946813635,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J Oral Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholinergic agonists evoke elevations of the cytoplasmic free\u2010calcium concentration ([Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) to stimulate fluid secretion in salivary glands. Salivary flow rates are significantly reduced in diabetic patients. However, it remains elusive how salivary secretion is impaired in diabetes. Here, we used an ex\u00a0vivo submandibular gland perfusion technique to characterize the dependency of salivary flow rates on extracellular glucose concentration and activities of glucose transporters expressed in the glands. The cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) induced sustained fluid secretion, the rates of which were modulated by the extracellular glucose concentration in a biphasic manner. Both lowering the extracellular glucose concentration to less than 2.5\u00a0mM and elevating it to higher than 5\u00a0mM resulted in decreased CCh\u2010induced fluid secretion. The CCh\u2010induced salivary flow was suppressed by phlorizin, an inhibitor of the sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) located basolaterally in submandibular acinar cells, which is altered at the protein expression level in diabetic animal models. Our data suggest that SGLT1\u2010mediated glucose uptake in acinar cells is required to maintain the fluid secretion by sustaining Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> secretion in real\u2010time. High extracellular glucose levels may suppress the CCh\u2010induced secretion of salivary fluid by altering the activities of ion channels and transporters downstream of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T12:34:14Z","timestamp":1524227654000},"page":"197-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The biphasic effect of extracellular glucose concentration on carbachol\u2010induced fluid secretion from mouse submandibular glands"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Momomi","family":"Terachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology Graduate School of Biomedical &amp; Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima 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