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Here, we studied activation of motor neurons of the facial nucleus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VII<\/jats:styled-content>), hypoglossal nucleus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XII<\/jats:styled-content>), nucleus ambiguus (Amb), and spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNA<\/jats:styled-content>) in rats with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAC<\/jats:styled-content> via their similar connections with Vme. An anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDA<\/jats:styled-content>), was injected into the Vme to identify the central axon terminals around the motor neurons of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VII<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> XII<\/jats:styled-content>, Amb, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNA<\/jats:styled-content>. The expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGLUT<\/jats:styled-content>1) in neurons of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VII<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> XII<\/jats:styled-content>, Amb, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNA<\/jats:styled-content>, and the expression of acetylcholinesterase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hE) were measured in the stapedius, lingualis, palatopharyngeal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated rats, many <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010labeled cell bodies in the Vme and terminals in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VII<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> XII<\/jats:styled-content>, Amb, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNA<\/jats:styled-content> were identified. Compared with control rats, rats with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAC<\/jats:styled-content> showed higher expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGLUT<\/jats:styled-content>1 in these nuclei, and statistically significantly higher expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>hE in the stapedius, lingualis, and sternocleidomastoid muscles, but not in the palatopharyngeal muscle. These findings suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAC<\/jats:styled-content> activates orofacial, head, and cervical multimotor behaviors via connections between the Vme and the corresponding motor nuclei.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1540034101000},"page":"466-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dental malocclusion stimulates neuromuscular circuits associated with temporomandibular disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology The 456th Hospital of People's Liberation Army Jinan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunkui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. 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