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Materials were immersed in ultrapure water or fetal bovine serum for 28 days and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x\u2010ray analysis. Immersion media were either replaced weekly or not replenished at all and were assessed for alkalinity and calcium release after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days; antibacterial effect against 2\u2010day monospecies biofilms; and cytotoxicity by the 3\u2010(4,5 dimethylthiazolyl\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102,5\u2010diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after 1, 7, or 28 days. Alkalinity, calcium release, antibacterial activity, and cell cytotoxicity increased over time when the medium was not changed but decreased with medium replenishment. Immersion in fetal bovine serum resulted in lower alkalinity, less bactericidal properties, and lower cytotoxicity of prototype cements and Biodentine than did water immersion. Biodentine and 20% bioactive glass\u2010containing cement had overall lower alkalinity, calcium release, and antibacterial activity than TZ\u2010base, and Biodentine was less cytotoxic than TZ\u2010base. In conclusion, exposure conditions and cement modifications significantly affected materials\u2019 leaching properties. Exposure conditions warrant consideration when evaluating cements\u2019 clinical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T03:59:31Z","timestamp":1688183971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of exposure conditions on chemical properties of materials for surgical endodontic procedures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Koutroulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endodontics Institute of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Valen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM) Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dag","family":"\u00d8rstavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endodontics Institute of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2234-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Kapralos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endodontics Institute of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3556-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josette","family":"Camilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia Titterud","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endodontics Institute of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Essential endodontology: prevention and treatment of apical periodontitis","author":"\u00d8rstavik D","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04655-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80967-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201020454\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2012.00284.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2017-224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization.Biological evaluation of medical devices \u2013 part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity. 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