{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:01:03Z","timestamp":1791237663783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J Oral Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dental black stain is a form of external discoloration appearing as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark spots in the cervical third of the tooth. This review aims to provide an up\u2010to\u2010date clinical and biological summary of dental black stain of bacterial origin. Black stain is esthetically unwelcome to patients, and clinicians frequently attempt its removal. Dental black plaque has a prevalence rate of 2.4%\u201320% affecting both genders equally and may appear throughout the lifetime. Most studies investigating the microflora of black stain reveal that <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. are the most abundant species found. Most authors have found a correlation between black stain and a low caries incidence. Interestingly, individuals with black stain demonstrate higher salivary concentrations of iron, sodium, copper, and calcium\/phosphate, higher pH, and lower salivary flow. Standard treatment involves repeated professional ultrasonic cleaning. Alternative treatments include photo\u2010dynamic therapy, application of virgin coconut oil, peroxide therapy, lactoferrin, or oral probiotics. Our best interpretation of the causes implicates the involvement of oral bacteria, resulting in the deposition of iron ions in patients with altered salivary composition. The use of any treatments should be balanced against potential damage to the teeth as a result of the therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T23:38:03Z","timestamp":1741736283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Current perspective on dental black stain of bacterial origin: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al\u2010Shareef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0186-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidoro","family":"Cortell\u2010Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7307-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Jovani\u2010Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8303-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chirag C.","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Veses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU Universities  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr\u20102015\u2010212276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23804\/ejpd.2024.2310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374950090041601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/469392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Identification quantity of Actinomyces in children saliva with black stain in tooth enamel surface","volume":"9","author":"Ike SI","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"528","article-title":"The ultrastructure of black stain on human primary teeth","volume":"81","author":"Theilade DE","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"484","article-title":"The microflora of black stain of human primary teeth","volume":"82","author":"Slots J","year":"1974","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402003000300003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2021.105171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073\u2010019\u20100064\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345310110060401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13071841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1947.0387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Black stain and dental caries in schoolchildren in Potenza","volume":"68","author":"Koch MJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Italy ASDC J Dent Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345760550062401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201035240\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20453\/reh.v18i1.1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/johcd-3-2-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1184-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Prevalence of black stain and dental caries in children attending a university pediatric dentistry clinic in Istanbul","volume":"5","author":"Aky\u00fcz S","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Marmara Univ Inst Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Microorganisms of the human mouth","author":"Miller WD","year":"1890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21276\/sjodr.2019.4.8.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Estudo das manchas extr\u00ednsecas negras e marrons e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com c\u00e1ries dent\u00e1rias","volume":"42","author":"Bastos VA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Bras Odontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de manchas dentais extr\u00ednsecas negras e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a c\u00e1rie dent\u00e1ria em crian\u00e7as do munic\u00edpio de Santa Terezinha de Itaipu","volume":"13","author":"Caldas CT","year":"2008","journal-title":"RFO"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2008.00458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Black tooth stain and dental caries among Udaipur schoolchildren","volume":"1","author":"Bhat S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-013-0097-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Black stains: a microbiological analysis and a view on familiarity and susceptibility to tooth decay of patients in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Tripodi D","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2017.56.01.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00549-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Are there metallic traces in black extrinsic dental stain?","volume":"44","author":"Parnas L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345770560081001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800111101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.6.764-769.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.30.3.q1561155x22u0774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010016\u20102891\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201072460\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405\u2010018\u20100001\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010019\u20100960\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.751361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746\u2010160X\u20109\u201025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3955-3961.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1391-1396.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Occurrence of black chromogenic stains and its association with oral hygiene of patients","volume":"8","author":"Prathap S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The relationship of dental extrinsic stains with the concentration of trace elements in water sources in a district of Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Pushpanjali K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"525","article-title":"Chemical composition of the saliva in children and adolescents with black tartar","volume":"42","author":"Surdacka A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Czas Stomatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.3.21466m672t723713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do patients with extrinsic black tooth stains have a lower dental caries experience? A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"7","author":"Rezende VS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506\u2010022\u201000107\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Can black extrinsic tooth discoloration predict a lower caries score rate in young adults?","volume":"45","author":"Shmuly T","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807\u20103107BOR\u20102016.vol30.0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1999.tb00413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Black stain\u2014a review","volume":"9","author":"Ronay V","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-8637201800020000143457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2019.2163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Does Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 assumption make black stains disappear in children?","volume":"18","author":"Bardellini E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.jcri.212"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Oral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eos.70007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1754916326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eos.70007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eos.70007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.70007","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0909-8836","1600-0722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0909-8836","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0722","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70007"}}