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We recruited 56 children into the ECC (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a028) and caries\u2010free (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a028) groups. Stimulated whole saliva was collected on ice, followed by protein analysis using a label\u2010free proteomic technique. Moreover, we performed a multidisciplinary bioinformatic analysis. Proteomic analysis revealed significant between\u2010group differences in the salivary protein expression profiles. Based on the protein\u2013protein interaction network analysis and protein function identification, we identified L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase as a potential biomarker. Accordingly, in a validation study, we performed an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay to detect\u00a0the differential expression of salivary L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase between 20 preschool children with ECC and 19 caries\u2010free children. The ECC children had\u00a0significantly higher levels of L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase than the caries\u2010free children, which suggests its predictive utility for ECC. Taken together, our findings suggest that L\u2010lactate dehydrogenase, as well as peroxiredoxin\u20105, glucose\u20106\u2010phosphate\u20101\u2010dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, malate dehydrogenase, and talin\u20101, may be potential biomarkers of ECC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:28:36Z","timestamp":1749515316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative proteomic analysis of whole saliva and candidate predictive biomarkers for early childhood caries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwen","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; Department of Pediatric Dentistry West 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