{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:27:33Z","timestamp":1758252453809,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J Oral Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the effect of adding different amounts of n\u2010ZnO to model resin\u2010based composites on their hygroscopic characteristics. Six groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05) were formulated using Bis\u2010GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, inert barium glass powder, silica nanoparticles, and varying amounts of n\u2010ZnO (0\u20135\u00a0wt.%). The photoinitiator system included camphorquinone, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, and ethyl 4\u2010(dimethylamino) benzoate. Sorption, solubility, and hygroscopic expansion specimens were prepared following ISO 4049:2019 and immersed in water for 168 days. Sorption and solubility were assessed with an analytical balance, while hygroscopic expansion was measured using a laser scan micrometer. Zn<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u207a release was analyzed using ICP\u2010MS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03). Increasing n\u2010ZnO concentrations significantly reduced sorption and solubility, with the control (0\u00a0wt.% n\u2010ZnO) showing the highest values (28.7 and 2.1\u00a0\u00b5g\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) and the 2\u00a0wt.% n\u2010ZnO group showing the lowest (27\u00a0\u00b5g\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, \u22120.4\u00a0\u00b5g\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). However, increasing the concentrations of n\u2010ZnO significantly increased the hygroscopic expansion. The volumetric expansion for the lowest (control) and highest (n\u2010ZnO at 3\u00a0wt.%) was 1.63% and 1.87%, respectively. ICP\u2010MS revealed progressively higher Zn<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u207a release with increasing n\u2010ZnO concentration, peaking at 675.1 ppb in the 5\u00a0wt.% group. Overall, n\u2010ZnO reduced sorption and solubility while increasing expansion and Zn<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u207a release, with all formulations meeting ISO 4049 standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T07:30:12Z","timestamp":1751614212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect on hygroscopic characteristics of n\u2010ZnO additions to resin composite"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dentistry School of Medical Sciences University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science College of Dentistry King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi 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