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A total of 205 children aged 2\u20133 years from 10 public nursery schools in Santiago, Chile, were randomized by nursery school clusters (1:1) to receive either probiotic\u2010supplemented milk (1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0CFU\/mL) or standard milk once daily for 10 months. Examinations were conducted at baseline and 12 months using ICDAS criteria. The primary outcome was the proportion of children whose caries status progressed to cavitated lesions (ICDAS 5\u20136). Progression occurred in 26.8% of children in the probiotic group (33\/123) and 46.3% in the control group (38\/82). Surface\u2010level transitions were minimal in both groups and are reported descriptively. No intervention\u2010related adverse events were observed, and adherence exceeded 80%. Daily consumption of milk supplemented with\n                    <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    SP1 for 10 months reduced the number of preschool children who developed cavitated carious lesions over a 12\u2010month period and may represent a safe and feasible adjunct for community\u2010based prevention of early childhood caries. The trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01648075).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:57:43Z","timestamp":1765864663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of probiotic supplementation on the progression of non\u2010cavitated carious lesions in children: A 12\u2010month randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Cabello","family":"Ibacache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Dental School University of Chile  Santiago 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