{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:40:24Z","timestamp":1786452024341,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J Oral Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of an experimental fluoridated varnish modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles in arresting initial caries lesion progression and promoting mineral recovery in demineralized bovine enamel. Enamel blocks (6\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02\u00a0mm) were artificially demineralized and treated with one of five varnish formulations: CTRL (experimental varnish), 10% GO (CTRL\u00a0+\u00a010% GO), 20% GO (CTRL\u00a0+\u00a020% GO), NaF\/CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CTRL\u00a0+\u00a0NaF\u00a0+\u00a0CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), or NaF (Duraphat; Colgate\u2010Palmolive). Following varnish application, specimens were stored in artificial saliva (37\u00b0C, 24\u00a0h) and subjected to a 7\u2010d pH\u2010cycling regimen. Surface hardness outcomes (%SHL, %SHR, and \u0394SH) were determined using six specimens per group. Additional specimens were prepared for transverse microradiography (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a03 per group) to determine integrated mineral loss (\u0394Z) and lesion depth was measured, and the specimens were examined using field\u2010emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG\u2010SEM) coupled with energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDS). (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a09 per group) to evaluate surface morphology, Ca, P, and the Ca\/P ratio. Data were analyzed using appropriate parametric or non\u2010parametric tests (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.05). Overall, the 10% GO group exhibited significantly lower %SHL and higher %SHR than the other experimental groups, whereas higher Ca\/P ratios were observed in the 10% GO and NaF groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:34:18Z","timestamp":1786102458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graphene oxide\u2013modified fluoridated varnish promotes mineral recovery in demineralized bovine enamel: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4456-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Souza","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Araraquara S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1741-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Jos\u00e9","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Araraquara S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9761-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Furlanete","family":"Raymundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Araraquara S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9111-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nair Cristina","family":"Brondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics School of Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University  Bauru S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad CEU  Valencia Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Dentistry I. 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