{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:56:57Z","timestamp":1791251817863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]],"date-time":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phenobarbital (phenobarbitone) was first used as an antiepileptic drug 100\u2003years ago, in 1912. This article tells the story of the discovery of its antiepileptic action, its early development, and the subsequent course of its clinical use over the 100\u2010year period. The side effects, pharmacokinetics, and misuse of barbiturates are considered, along with the more recent clinical trials and the drug\u2019s current clinical utilization. The introduction of controlled drug regulations, the comparative cost of phenobarbital, and its inclusion on the World Health Organization (WHO) essential drug list are discussed. It is one of the few drugs on the formulary in 1912 that is still listed today, and remarkably its efficacy in epilepsy has not been significantly bettered. The current recommendation by the WHO is that phenobarbital should be offered as the first option for therapy for convulsive epilepsy in adults and children if availability can be ensured. This is rated as a strong recommendation because of the proven efficacy and low cost of phenobarbital, and despite its perceived side\u2010effect profile and the practical problems of access. Whether this recommendation puts \u201ca hierarchy on the brain,\u201d as has been suggested, is arguable. Much still needs to be learned about the drug\u2019s effects, and the issues raised by phenobarbital have lessons for all antiepileptic drug therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T07:39:06Z","timestamp":1354606746000},"page":"26-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["How phenobarbital revolutionized epilepsy therapy: The story of phenobarbital therapy in epilepsy in the last 100\u2003years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Zeid","family":"Yasiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon D.","family":"Shorvon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb04608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50155a074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92742-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302700113","article-title":"Antenatal phenobarbital to prevent or minimize intraventricular hemorrhage in the low\u2010birthweight neonate","volume":"27","author":"Barnes ER","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.488.737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Carbamazepine (tegretol) [online]","author":"BNF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Lamotrigine (lamictal) [online]","author":"BNF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Phenobarbital [online]","author":"BNF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Retigabine (trobalt) [online]","author":"BNF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Valproate (epilim) [online]","author":"BNF","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"British Pharmacopoeia Commission","author":"British Pharmacopoeia","year":"1914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"BrookC. (1922)Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy: 30th Annual Report: 19."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"BrookC. (1923)Report of the medical officer. The National Society of Epilepsy: 30th Annual Report: 28."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00480060037004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Physiological pharmacology","author":"Bush M","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)05076-1","article-title":"Quantitative studies of the metabolic fate of mephobarbital (N\u2010methylphenobarbital)","volume":"106","author":"Butler TC","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11275-5","article-title":"Phenobarbital: studies of elimination, accumulation, tolerance, and dosage schedules","volume":"111","author":"Butler TC","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80122-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.5.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5179.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"Controlled Substances Act. (1970a)21 USC \u00a7 801 \u2013 Congressional findings and declarations: controlled substances [online]. USA. Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatoryinformation\/legislation\/ucm148726.htm[Accessed September 4 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"Controlled Substances Act. (1970b)21 USC \u00a7 801 \u2013 Congressional findings and declarations: controlled substances part D: offenses and penalties [online]. USA. Available at:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatoryinformation\/legislation\/ucm148726.htm#cntlsbd[Accessed September 4 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"CD000164","article-title":"Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage","volume":"3","author":"Crowther CA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"CD000164","article-title":"Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage","volume":"1","author":"Crowther CA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Randomised 36\u2010month comparative study of valproic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine efficacy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy with partial complex seizures. 22nd International Epilepsy Congress 1997 Dublin, Ireland","volume":"38","author":"Czapinski P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1965.tb03345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1972.tb05262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.4.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91176-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-011-0106-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3165.320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1920.02620350010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640100008003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt19623123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70458-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6509-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Luminal bei epilepsie","volume":"59","author":"Hauptmann A","year":"1912","journal-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Erfahrungen aus der behandlung der epilepsie mit luminal","volume":"46","author":"Hauptmann A","year":"1919","journal-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"HawardF. (1924)Report of the medical officer.The National Society of Epilepsy."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"HawardF. (1926)Report of the medical officer.The National Society of Epilepsy."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"HawardF. (1928)Report of the medical officer.The National Society of Epilepsy."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Macrocytosis and macrocytic anaemia caused by anticonvulsant drugs","volume":"27","author":"Hawkings CF","year":"1958","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2008.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)12104-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00288-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques","volume":"3","author":"Kekul\u00e9 A","year":"1865","journal-title":"Bull Soc Chim Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.53.8.660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"Osteopathies in antiepileptic long\u2010term therapy (preliminary report)","volume":"116","author":"Kruse R","year":"1968","journal-title":"Monatsschr Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.12704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13375-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1938.tb03192.x","article-title":"The literature on epilepsy in 1936","volume":"1","author":"Lennox WG","year":"1938","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1939.tb03198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1940.tb03218.x","article-title":"Study of epilepsy in America in 1938","volume":"1","author":"Lennox WG","year":"1940","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.99.2.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","volume-title":"Epilepsy and related disorders","author":"Lennox WG","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389901401210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","volume-title":"Drug therapy for epilepsy","author":"Livingstone S","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction","volume":"1","author":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Mu\u00f1oz F","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052338"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04516-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000600001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198507183130303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(53)90376-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.8.1494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1965.11695393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1971.tb46892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","volume-title":"Phenobarbital\u2010international drug price indicator guide [online]","author":"MSH","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","volume-title":"Epilepsie: vergelijkende pathogenese, verschijnselen, behandeling","author":"Muskens L","year":"1924"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Treatment with phenobarbital and monitoring of epileptic patients in rural Mali","volume":"80","author":"Nimaga K","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06250-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192605000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90048-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","volume-title":"Clinical and experimental investigation in agranulocytosis","author":"Plum P","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70045-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1975.tb06062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","volume-title":"A\u2010Z list of human medicines [online]","author":"RPS","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80127-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00297-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520030053013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1941.62820080001009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.2.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444325201","volume-title":"Handbook of epilepsy treatment","author":"Shorvon SD","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","first-page":"xvii","volume-title":"The treatment of epilepsy","author":"Shorvon SD","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","volume-title":"The International League Against Epilepsy 1909\u20132009","author":"Shorvon SD","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2004.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13895260500327979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4771.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/027249302125001598"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","first-page":"CD002217","article-title":"Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic\u2013clonic seizures","volume":"4","author":"Taylor S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","volume-title":"Class A, B and C drugs [online]","author":"The Home Office","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","unstructured":"The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification). (1984) London. Available at:http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1984\/859\/contents\/made[Accessed September 4 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","unstructured":"The Misuse of Drugs Regulations. (2001). London. Available at:http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2001\/3998\/made[Accessed September 4 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Role of phenobarbitone in preventing recurrence of febrile convulsions","volume":"30","author":"Thilothammal N","year":"1993","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Comparison of phenobarbitone, phenytoin with sodium valproate: randomized, double\u2010blind study","volume":"33","author":"Thilothammal N","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of phenobarbital usage for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: factors related to variation in outcome","volume":"29","author":"Tholl DA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Trials Metaanal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","first-page":"2597","article-title":"Very high dose phenobarbital for refractory status epilepticus","volume":"90","author":"Tiamkao S","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809173391202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00639.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","first-page":"CD001904","article-title":"Carbamazepine versus phenobarbitone monotherapy for epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Tudur Smith C","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","unstructured":"UN. (1971)Convention on psychotrpic substances 1971. The United Nations Conference for the adoption of a protocol on psychotropic substances Vienna."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","first-page":"721","article-title":"New aspects of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn","volume":"15","author":"Van Creveld S","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch Fr Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0480-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.25.6.553","article-title":"Phenobarbital and the shoulder\u2010hand syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Van Der Korst JK","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Prevention of hypoxic\u2010ischemic encephalopathy with high\u2010dose, early phenobarbital therapy","volume":"140","author":"Vargas\u2010Origel A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlac.18641310306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","volume-title":"Brain\u2019s diseases of the nervous system","author":"Walton J","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70254-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","first-page":"937","article-title":"Phenobarbital. Its effect on learning in epileptic children","volume":"182","author":"Wapner I","year":"1962","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2007.0144","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007","volume":"9","author":"Wheless JW","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","first-page":"CD001691","article-title":"Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants","volume":"4","author":"Whitelaw A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","volume-title":"The selection of essential drugs: a report of a WHO expert committee","author":"WHO","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","volume-title":"The use of essential drugs: second report of a who expert committee","author":"WHO","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_1","volume-title":"The use of essential drugs. Third report of the who expert committee","author":"WHO","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_1","volume-title":"How to develop and implement a national drug policy, updates and replaces guidelines for developing national drug policies, 1988","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_1","volume-title":"Atlas: epilepsy care in the world","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_1","volume-title":"The selection and use of essential drugs: report of WHO expert committee: 2007 (including the 15th model list of essential drugs)","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2008)Phenobarbital [online]. Available at:http:\/\/archives.who.int\/emlib\/medicinedisplay6199.html?language=en&medidname=244%40phenobarbital[Accessed July 31 2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_1","volume-title":"Standard antiepileptic drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid) for management of convulsive epilepsy in adults and children [online]","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_1","volume-title":"Medicines: access to controlled medicines (narcotic and psychotropic substances) [online]","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2009.01611.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_1","volume-title":"Neurology","author":"Wilson SA","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.3.378","article-title":"The value of phenobarbital in the child who has had a single febrile seizure: a controlled prospective study","volume":"59","author":"Wolf SM","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_1","volume-title":"Antiepileptic drugs","author":"Woodbury DM","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_1","volume-title":"Resolution WHA28.66","author":"World Health Assembly","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fepi.12026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.12026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T05:50:45Z","timestamp":1745387445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.12026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.12026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.12026","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}