{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T22:12:56Z","timestamp":1772057576605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In humans, traumatic brain injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>) is one of the most common causes of acquired (symptomatic) epilepsy, but as yet there is no treatment to prevent the development of epilepsy after<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>. Animal models of posttraumatic epilepsy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>) are important to characterize epileptogenic mechanisms of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>and to identify clinically effective antiepileptogenic treatments. The prevalence and phenomenology of naturally occurring canine epilepsy are similar to those in human epilepsy. However, the risk of epilepsy after<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>has not been systemically studied in dogs. We therefore performed a large retrospective study in 1,000 dogs referred to our clinical department over a period of 11.5\u00a0years with the aim to determine the incidence of early and late seizures after head trauma in this species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two strategies were used: in group I (n\u00a0=\u00a0392), we evaluated whether dogs referred for the treatment of a head trauma (group Ia) or other trauma (group Ib) developed seizures after the trauma, whereas in group<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>(n\u00a0=\u00a0608) we evaluated whether dogs referred for the treatment of recurrent epileptic seizures had a history of head trauma. Data for this study were obtained from our clinical database, questionnaires sent to the dogs' owners, and owner interviews.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>In group Ia, 6.6% of the dogs developed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>, which was significantly different from group Ib (1.9%), indicating that head trauma increased the risk of developing epilepsy by a factor of 3.4. The risk of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>increased with severity of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>; 14.3% of the dogs with skull fracture developed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>. In group<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>, 15.5% of the dogs with epilepsy had a history of head injury, which was significantly higher than the incidence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>determined for group Ia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study indicates that head trauma in dogs is associated with a significant risk of developing epilepsy. Therefore, dogs with severe<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>are an interesting natural model of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>that provides a novel translational platform for studies on human<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T14:19:12Z","timestamp":1357568352000},"page":"580-588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Epilepsy after head injury in dogs: A natural model of posttraumatic epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tipold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"L\u00f6scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/71.6.570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504772695896"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02159.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181ba3354"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000058314.31655.5F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"438","article-title":"Fits in dogs: a survey of 260 cases","volume":"77","author":"Croft PG","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1971.158.05.589","article-title":"Canine seizure disorders","volume":"158","author":"Cunningham JG","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200412000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-011-9362-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.11.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(20)30386-2","article-title":"Overview of seizures","volume":"12","author":"Engel J","year":"1994","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"767","volume-title":"Epilepsy. 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