{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:21:09Z","timestamp":1790169669628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether using transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>) to derive if measures of cortical excitability changes can distinguish between various adolescent\/adult\u2010onset generalized epilepsy syndromes at different phases of the disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred thirty\u2010seven patients with adolescent\/adult\u2010onset generalized epilepsy divided into juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, and generalized epilepsy with tonic\u2013clonic seizures only were studied. The cohorts were further divided into drug naive\u2010new onset, refractory, and seizure\u2010free groups. Motor threshold (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content>) and paired pulse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content> at short (2, 5, 10, 15\u00a0msec) and long (100\u2013300\u00a0msec) interstimulus intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ISI<\/jats:styled-content>s) were measured. Results were compared to those of 20 controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the drug\u2010naive cohorts <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> was reduced (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and cortical excitability increased at 2 and 5\u00a0msec and 150, 250, and 300\u00a0msec <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ISI<\/jats:styled-content>s (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy compared to other generalized epilepsy groups and controls. Cortical excitability increased to a lesser degree in other generalized epilepsy syndromes compared to controls, but those two syndromes were not distinguishable from one another. The changes in paired pulse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content> were more prominent in the groups with refractory seizures and very small in the groups who were seizure free.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are syndrome specific changes in cortical excitability associated with generalized epilepsy. These changes are also dependent on seizure control with medication. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy has a higher cortical excitability profile compared to other adolescent\/adult\u2010onset generalized epilepsy syndromes and can be clearly distinguished from them during all phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T12:48:43Z","timestamp":1364561323000},"page":"871-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Patterns of cortical hyperexcitability in adolescent\/adult\u2010onset generalized epilepsies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Radwa A. 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