{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:56:37Z","timestamp":1790366197998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]],"date-time":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Epilepsy surgery is an accepted treatment option in patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy. Despite various advances in recording and localization noninvasive and invasive techniques (including electroencephalography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), magnetic resonance imaging (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), positron emission tomography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), single photon emission computed tomography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), magnetoencephalography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), subdural grids, depth electrodes, and so on), the seizure outcome following surgical resection remains suboptimal in a significant number of patients. The availability of long\u2010term outcome data on an increasing number of patients suggests two major temporal patterns of seizure recurrence (early vs. late) that implicate the following two different mechanisms for seizure recurrence: (1) a failure to either define\/resect the epileptogenic zone, and (2) the nonstatic nature of epilepsy as a disease through the persistence of proepileptic cortical pathology. We describe the temporal patterns of epilepsy surgery failures and discuss their potential clinical, histopathologic, genetic, and molecular mechanisms. In addition, we review predictors of successful surgical interventions and analyze the natural history of epilepsy following surgical intervention. We hypothesize that the acute\/early postoperative failures are due to errors in localizing and\/or resecting the epileptic focus, whereas late recurrences are likely due to development\/maturation of a new and active epileptic focus (de novo epileptogenesis).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]],"date-time":"2013-04-15T14:22:02Z","timestamp":1366035722000},"page":"772-782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Temporal patterns and mechanisms of epilepsy surgery failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Imad","family":"Najm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Jehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Palmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program Neurology and Neurosurgery Services Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliseu","family":"Paglioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Alegre Epilepsy Surgery Program Neurology and Neurosurgery Services Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre 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