{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:36:22Z","timestamp":1783042582786,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to the well\u2010recognized association between acute symptomatic seizures and neurocysticercosis, the association between antiepileptic drug (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AED<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2013resistant epilepsy and calcified neurocysticercosis lesions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content>s) is poorly understood. We studied the association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AED<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010resistant epilepsy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content>s, including the feasibility and outcome of resective surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the prospective database maintained at our epilepsy center, we reviewed the data of all patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AED<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010resistant epilepsy who underwent presurgical evaluation from January 2001 to July 2010 and had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> on imaging. We used clinical, neuroimaging, and interictal, ictal, and intracranial electroencephalography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>) findings to determine the association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> and epilepsy. Suitable candidates underwent resective surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In 17 patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> was proven to be the causative lesion for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AED<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010resistant epilepsy (group 1); in 18 patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HS<\/jats:styled-content>; group 2); and in 10 patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNLs<\/jats:styled-content> were considered as incidental lesions (group 3). In group 1 patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content>s were more common in frontal lobes (12\/17), whereas in group 2 patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content>s were more commonly located in temporal lobes (11\/18; p\u00a0=\u00a00.002). Group 2 patients were of a younger age at epilepsy onset than those in group 1 (8.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.3 vs. 12.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.8\u00a0years, p\u00a0=\u00a00.003). Perilesional gliosis was more common among patients in group 1 when compared to group 3 patients (12\/17 vs. 1\/10; p\u00a0=\u00a00.006). Fifteen patients underwent resective surgery. Among group 1 patients, four of five became seizure\u2010free following lesionectomy alone. In group 2, four patients underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATL<\/jats:styled-content>) alone, of whom one became seizure\u2010free; five underwent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATL<\/jats:styled-content> combined with removal of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> (two of them after intracranial EEG and all of them became seizure\u2010free, whereas one patient underwent lesionectomy alone and did not become seizure\u2010free.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In endemic regions, although rare, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content>s are potential cause for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AED<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010resistant and surgically remediable epilepsy, as well as dual pathology. Presence of perilesional gliosis contributes to epileptogenicity of these lesions. For those patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HS<\/jats:styled-content>, resection of both lesions favors better chance of seizure\u2010free outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T12:32:52Z","timestamp":1377779572000},"page":"1815-1822","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Calcified neurocysticercosis lesions and antiepileptic drug\u2013resistant epilepsy: A surgically remediable syndrome?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Chaturbhuj","family":"Rathore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bejoy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekharan","family":"Kesavadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurupath","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00324-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01287.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02538.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31819d8030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1994000300001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000068748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14117-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120050260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318248deae"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.10.1485"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(98)80072-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129481.12067.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70243-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200008)48:2<181::AID-ANA7>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000130471.19171.D8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01882.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1997000300001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2001.0558"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.48503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.078675"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fepi.12349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.12349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T13:34:49Z","timestamp":1696340089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.12349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.12349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.12349","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]}}}