{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:12:54Z","timestamp":1791112374351,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]],"date-time":"2013-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalence and long\u2010term outcome of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is reported to be variable, and the reasons for this variability are still controversial.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reviewed the clinical characteristics of patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      who were regularly followed since 2000 at the San Paolo Multidisciplinary Tuberous Sclerosis Centre in Milan, Italy. From patient charts we collected data about age at epilepsy onset, seizure frequency and seizure type, history of infantile spasms (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), epileptic syndrome, evolution to refractory epilepsy or to seizure freedom and\/or medication freedom, electroencephalography (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) features, magnetic resonance imaging (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) findings, cognitive outcome, and genetic background.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 160 subjects (120 adults and 40 children), 116 (72.5%) had epilepsy: 57 (35.6%) were seizure\u2010free, and 59 (36.9%) had drug\u2010resistant epilepsy. Most seizure\u2010free patients had a focal epilepsy (89.5%), with 54.4% of them drug resistant for a period of their lives. Epilepsy onset in the first year of life with IS and\/or focal seizures was characteristic of the drug\u2010resistant group of patients, as well as cognitive impairment and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        2\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). A small group of patients (7 patients, 4.4%) experienced a seizure only once; all of them had normal cognition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although epilepsy management can be challenging in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , more than one third of patients had their seizures controlled: through monotherapy in 56% and by polytherapy in 32%. Moreover, 12% of the patients became seizure\u2010free and were off medication. Identifying predictive features of epilepsy and cognitive outcome can ensure better management for patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and delineate genotype\u2013phenotype correlations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]],"date-time":"2013-11-08T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1383910367000},"page":"2134-2142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Epilepsy in\n                    <scp>TSC<\/scp>\n                    : Certain etiology does not mean certain prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Aglaia","family":"Vignoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca La","family":"Briola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Scornavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Chiesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zambrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Piazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Nella","family":"Savini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Department San Paolo Hospital Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Canevini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Epilepsy Center \u2013 Neurology Unit 2 San Paolo Hospital DISS University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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