{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:08:54Z","timestamp":1790914134627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0701310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0701310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) has a strong genetic component, and patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      show deficits in a range of frontal lobe functions. Previous studies provide hints that unaffected siblings of people with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may share some of these cognitive deficits, suggesting that these deficits may be genetically determined endophenotypes. Establishment of a neurocognitive endophenotype of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      would contribute to genetic studies and increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . To identify potential neurocognitive endophenotypes of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , this study aimed to measure neuropsychological performance in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , their unaffected relatives, and healthy controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010six patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , 38 first\u2010degree relatives, and 40 healthy controls were examined using a battery of neuropsychological tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction (executive function, nonverbal reasoning, verbal generativity, response inhibition, attention, and working memory). Subject groups were compared using robust\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      onferroni\u2010corrected statistics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      showed deficits in nonverbal reasoning, verbal generativity, attention, and working memory. Relatives exhibited a parallel profile of cognitive abilities, with significant deficits in these tasks. Patients tended to show greater impairment than relatives in these tasks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study shows that measures of nonverbal reasoning, verbal generativity, sustained attention, and working memory are endophenotypes of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and offer the potential for aiding molecular genetic studies and elucidating the pathophysiology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Patients tended to demonstrate greater impairment in these tasks, possibly because of a greater genetic contribution and\/or disease\u2010related factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.12604\/supinfo\">here<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T14:37:16Z","timestamp":1396622236000},"page":"835-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Impaired cognitive function in idiopathic generalized epilepsy and unaffected family members: An epilepsy endophenotype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Fahmida A.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D. C.","family":"Elwes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epilepsy King's College Hospital London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaelis","family":"Koutroumanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology St Thomas's Hospital London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin G.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Nashef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epilepsy King's College Hospital London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Epilepsy King's College Hospital London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00906-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.06.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"S140","article-title":"Frontal lobe functions in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"33","author":"Gershengorn J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Frontal functions in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Devinsky 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