{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:12:47Z","timestamp":1786713167512,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Veronesi Young Investigator Programme 2013"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The photoparoxysmal response (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content>) involves rapid spread of epileptic activity from visual to parietal and frontal areas. We used a transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>) technique to assess the physiologic connections between primary visual (V1) and motor (M1) areas in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content>). We hypothesized that in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients, M1 would respond excessively to inputs from V1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven photosensitive patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content> who had a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content> at the time of the study were compared with 10 similar patients without a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content>, and with 11 healthy subjects of similar age and sex. The connection between V1 and M1 was assessed in resting participants by delivering a conditioning stimulus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content>) over the phosphene hotspot of the visual cortex (intensity 90% phosphene threshold, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PT<\/jats:styled-content>) followed at random interstimulus intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ISI<\/jats:styled-content>s; 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 35 and 40\u00a0msec) by a test stimulus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TS<\/jats:styled-content>) over the left motor cortex to elicit a motor evoked potential (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEP<\/jats:styled-content>) of ~1\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mV<\/jats:styled-content> from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In healthy subjects, a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content> over V1 suppressed M1 at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ISI<\/jats:styled-content>s between 18 and 40 msec. Similar effects occurred in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content> patients without a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content>. This was not true in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content> patients, in whom this type of physiologic inhibition was significantly (p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) reduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGE<\/jats:styled-content> patients with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content> have an overactive functional response of M1 to inputs traveling from V1. This may represent one core factor for the anterior spread of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPR<\/jats:styled-content> itself and for the origin of the abnormal epileptic motor phenomenon, such as myoclonus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T12:09:57Z","timestamp":1443010197000},"page":"1828-1835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Overactive visuomotor connections underlie the photoparoxysmal response. A <scp>TMS<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gionata","family":"Strigaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Section\u00a0of Neurology University of Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Falletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Section\u00a0of Neurology University of Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Varrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Section\u00a0of Neurology University of Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Rothwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders University College London Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cantello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Section\u00a0of Neurology University of Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03411.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340213"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270135"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.451002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(92)90027-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00130-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019243"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370603"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0918"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0598-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440211"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00431-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2955-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400306"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.451009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/72972"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.10.1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01709.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340308"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.04.094"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2195-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.02.010"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fepi.13190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.13190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T17:40:38Z","timestamp":1694972438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.13190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.13190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.13190","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]}}}