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Incidence rates were stratified by risk factors, and adjusted relative risk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>) was calculated. Late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> associations with immediate (&lt;24 h), early (24 h\u20137 day), or late seizures (&gt;7 day) versus no seizure prior to discharge from acute hospitalization was also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> incidence during acute hospitalization was highest immediately (&lt;24 h) post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content> (8.9%). New onset <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> incidence was greatest between discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and year 1 (9.2%). Late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> cumulative incidence from injury to year 1 was 11.9%, and reached 20.5% by year 5. Immediate\/early <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS RR<\/jats:styled-content> (2.04) was increased for those undergoing surgical evacuation procedures. Late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS RR<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly greater for individuals who self\u2010identified as a race other than black\/white (year 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.22), and for black individuals (year 5 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> = 3.02) versus white individuals. Late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> was greater for individuals with subarachnoid hemorrhage (year 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.06) and individuals age 23\u201332 (year 5 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.43) and 33\u201344 (year 5 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content> = 3.02). Late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS RR<\/jats:styled-content> years 1 and 5 was significantly higher for those undergoing surgical evacuation procedures (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.05 and 2.72, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective, longitudinal, observational study, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> incidence was similar to that in studies published previously. Individuals with immediate\/late seizures during acute hospitalization have increased late <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS<\/jats:styled-content> risk. Race, intracranial pathologies, and neurosurgical procedures also influenced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTS RR<\/jats:styled-content>. Further studies are needed to examine the impact of seizure prophylaxis in high\u2010risk subgroups and to delineate contributors to race\/age associations on long\u2010term seizure outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T11:48:09Z","timestamp":1476445689000},"page":"1968-1977","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Incidence and risk factors of posttraumatic seizures following traumatic brain injury: A Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"},{"name":"Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"},{"name":"Safar Center for Resuscitation Research University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience at University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Fabio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Veterans Health Care System Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center San Antonio Texas U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio San Antonio Texas U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy P.","family":"Szaflarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology UAB Epilepsy Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross D.","family":"Zafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen W.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora M.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Rehabilitation Charlotte North Carolina U.S.A"},{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Bushnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rusk Rehabilitation New York University School of Medicine New York New York U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Johnson\u2010Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami Florida U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Ohio State University Columbus Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Krellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Ohio State University Columbus Ohio U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Dreer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Ophthalmology The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Epidemiology and Rehabilitation","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90081-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90196-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.30.7.683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.3.0435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.4.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Multidisciplinary postacute rehabilitation for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in adults","author":"Brasure M","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 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