{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:37:24Z","timestamp":1787503044179,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008914","name":"Ontario Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cortical resections in epilepsy surgery tend to involve multiple lobes in children, compared to adults, partly due to underlying pathology. Oligodendroglia\u2010like cells (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) have been observed in surgical specimens from children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. We hypothesize that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s recruit multiple\u2010lobe epileptogenic zones in pediatric pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined the surgical specimens from 30 children who underwent epilepsy surgery (1.8\u2010 to 16.9\u2010years\u2010old; mean age 9.7 years). Immunohistochemical assays of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s were performed using Olig2, which is a marker of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      populations in three sites (gray matter, gray\u2013white matter junction, and white matter) were counted. We also performed immunohistochemical staining with neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for neuronal and astroglial markers, respectively. NeuN\u2010 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010positive cells were distinguished from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      results were compared with seizure types, scalp and intracranial video\u2013electroencephalography (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), magnetic resonance imaging (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), surgical resection area, histopathologic diagnosis, and seizure outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histopathologic diagnosis consisted of 14 cases of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD; type I; 4, type\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; 9, type III; one); 6 cases of oligodendrogliosis; 6 cases of astrocytic gliosis; 2 cases of hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy; and 2 cases of tuberous sclerosis. Fifteen children (50%) underwent multiple\u2010lobe resections after intracranial video\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . There was a positive correlation between the number of resected electrodes and the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      population in the white matter (correlation coefficient 0.581, p = 0.001) and at the gray\u2013white matter junction\u2013 (correlation coefficient 0.426, p = 0.027).\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      populations in both areas were increased significantly in nine children with epileptic spasms (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) (gray\u2013white matter junction [p = 0.021] and white matter [p = 0.025]), and nine nonfocal ictal scalp\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      findings (gray\u2013white matter junction [p = 0.04] and white matter [p = 0.042]). The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      population in white matter was significantly increased in children with 11 nonfocal interictal scalp\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      findings (p = 0.01), with 15 multiple\u2010lobe resections (p = 0.028).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children with increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s presented with nonfocal epileptiform discharges on scalp\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and they required multiple\u2010lobe resections. We found increased populations of subcortical\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s in the extensive epileptogenic zone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T07:49:08Z","timestamp":1478591348000},"page":"2031-2038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Increased subcortical oligodendroglia\u2010like cells in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy in children correlate with extensive epileptogenic zones"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Satoru","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruka","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Okanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elysa","family":"Widjaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic Imaging The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Boelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology BC Children's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Ochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"O. 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