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Because of the close association of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s with epileptogenic tissue and ictogenesis, understanding their cellular and network mechanisms could provide valuable information about the organization of epileptogenic networks and how seizures emerge from the abnormal activity of these networks. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the field of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s and provide a critical evaluation of new observations within the context of already established knowledge. Recent improvements in recording technology and the introduction of optogenetics into epilepsy research have intensified experimental work on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s. Using advanced computer models, new cellular substrates of epileptic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s were identified and the role of specific neuronal subtypes in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    genesis was determined. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s was explored mainly in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models mimicking this condition.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s have also been reported to occur in other epileptic disorders and models such as neocortical epilepsy, genetically determined epilepsies, and infantile spasms, which further support the significance of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. It is increasingly recognized that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s are generated by multiple mechanisms at both the cellular and network levels. Future studies on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s combining novel high\u2010resolution in\u00a0vivo imaging techniques and precise control of neuronal behavior using optogenetics or chemogenetics will provide evidence about the causal role of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s in seizures and epileptogenesis. Detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s will propel better\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    classification and increase their information yield for clinical and diagnostic purposes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T02:42:42Z","timestamp":1499308962000},"page":"1330-1339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":208,"title":["Update on the mechanisms and roles of high\u2010frequency oscillations in seizures and epileptic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Premysl","family":"Jiruska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Epileptology Institute of Physiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Alvarado\u2010Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical Javeriana University Bogota Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Schevon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Columbia University New York New York U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Staba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Stacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Wendling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal and Image Processing INSERM U1099 Rennes France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement du Signal et de l'Image University of Rennes 1 Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Avoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Departments of Neurology &amp; Neurosurgery and of Physiology McGill University Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome 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