{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:09:01Z","timestamp":1790082541696,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interictal epileptic spikes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>) represent a signature of the transient synchronous and excessive discharge of a large ensemble of cortical heterogeneous neurons. Epilepsy cannot be reduced to a hypersynchronous activation of neurons whose functioning is impaired, resulting on electroencephalogram (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>) in epileptic seizures or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>. The complex pathophysiological mechanisms require a global approach to the interactions between neural synaptic and nonsynaptic, vascular, and metabolic systems. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms through the simultaneous noninvasive multimodal multiscale recording of high\u2010density <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010EEG; synaptic) and fast optical signal (FOS; nonsynaptic), which evaluate rapid changes in light scattering related to changes in membrane configuration occurring during neuronal activation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate changes in light scattering occurring around <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>, three children with frontal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content> were simultaneously recorded with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOS<\/jats:styled-content>. To evaluate change in synchronization, time\u2013frequency representation analysis of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> was performed simultaneously around the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>. To independently evaluate our multimodal method, a control experiment with somatosensory stimuli was designed and applied to five healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alternating increase\u2013decrease\u2013increase in optical signals occurred 200 ms before to 180 ms after the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content> peak. These changes started before any changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> signal. In addition, time\u2013frequency domain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> analysis revealed alternating decrease\u2013increase\u2013decrease in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> spectral power concomitantly with changes in the optical signal during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>. These results suggest a relationship between (de)synchronization and neuronal volume changes in frontal lobe epilepsy during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These changes in the neuronal environment around <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content> in frontal lobe epilepsy observed in children, as they have been in rats, raise new questions about the synaptic\/nonsynaptic mechanisms that propel the neurons to hypersynchronization, as occurs during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content>. We further demonstrate that this noninvasive multiscale multimodal approach is suitable for studying the pathophysiology of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IES<\/jats:styled-content> in patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T08:56:45Z","timestamp":1508144205000},"page":"2064-2072","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cortical light scattering during interictal epileptic spikes in frontal lobe epilepsy in children: A fast optical signal and electroencephalographic study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mana","family":"Manoochehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1105 Research Group on Multimodal Analysis of Brain Function University of Picardie Jules Verne University Hospital Center South Amiens 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