{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:07:56Z","timestamp":1790327276304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["602102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that brain inflammation, elicited by epileptogenic insults, is involved in epilepsy development. Noninvasive nuclear imaging of brain inflammation in animal models of epileptogenesis represents a diagnostic in\u00a0vivo approach with potential for direct translation into the clinic. Here, we investigated up\u2010regulation of the translocator protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSPO<\/jats:styled-content>) indicative of microglial activation by serial [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GE<\/jats:styled-content>180 positron emission tomographic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PET<\/jats:styled-content>) imaging in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>As epileptogenic insult, a status epilepticus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>) was induced in mice by intrahippocampal injection of kainate. Post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> mice injected with kainate and sham\u2010injected mice were subjected to [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GE<\/jats:styled-content>180 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PET<\/jats:styled-content> scans before <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> and at 2\u00a0days, 5\u20107\u00a0days, 2\u00a0weeks, 3\u00a0weeks, 7\u00a0weeks, and 14\u00a0weeks postinsult. For data evaluation, brain regions ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site were outlined by coregistration with a standard mouse brain atlas, and percentage of injected dose per cubic centimeter was calculated. In addition, a statistical parametric mapping analysis, comparing post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> mice to baseline, sham mice to baseline, and post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> to sham mice was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>, elevations in [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GE<\/jats:styled-content>180 uptake were most prominent in the ipsilateral hippocampus, occurring between 2\u00a0days and at least 7\u00a0weeks after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>, with a peak at 5\u20107\u00a0days after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>. In the contralateral hippocampus and other epilepsy\u2010associated brain regions, increased tracer uptake was observed with a similar time profile but to a lesser extent. Moderate enhancement of tracer uptake was also evident in mice after sham surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSPO<\/jats:styled-content> in\u00a0vivo imaging reliably detects brain inflammation during epileptogenesis. These inflammatory processes most prominently affect the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injection site. Inflammation induced by the traumatic insult associated with surgery synergistically contributes to total brain inflammation and may also contribute to epileptogenesis. The revealed time course of neuroinflammation will help to identify appropriate time points for anti\u2010inflammatory, potentially antiepileptogenic treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T13:53:20Z","timestamp":1516802000000},"page":"617-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["[<sup>18<\/sup>F]<scp>GE<\/scp>180 positron emission tomographic imaging indicates a potential double\u2010hit insult in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Brackhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover 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