{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:42:07Z","timestamp":1783557727145,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altered autonomic activity has been implicated in the development of cardiac dysfunction during seizures. This study investigates whether intervening in seizure progression with diazepam will reduce seizure\u2010induced cardiomyopathy. Second, this study examines the hypothesis that combining atenolol with diazepam, as an intervention after seizure onset, will combat cardiac injury during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">status epilepticus<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were implanted with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">electroencephalographic<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">electrocardiographic<\/jats:styled-content> electrodes to allow simultaneous recordings during seizures induced by intrahippocampal (2\u00a0nmol, 1\u00a0\u03bcL) kainic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content>). Subcutaneous saline, atenolol (5\u00a0mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), diazepam (5\u00a0mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), or atenolol and diazepam (n\u00a0=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>12\/group) were administered at 60\u00a0minutes post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content> and daily for 7\u00a0days, at which point echocardiography, susceptibility to aconitine\u2010induced arrhythmias, and histology were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seizure activity was associated with immediately increased heart rate, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QT<\/jats:styled-content>c interval, and blood pressure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content>; 10%\u201030% across indices). Seven days postseizure, saline\u2010treated animals were found to have reduced left ventricular function, increased fibrotic scarring, and an elevated risk of aconitine\u2010induced arrhythmias. Diazepam treatment significantly reduced cumulative seizure behaviors by 79% compared to saline\u2010treated animals but offered no cardiac protection. Diazepam significantly raised <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> (35%) and increased the risk of bigeminal arrhythmias (36%) compared to saline\u2010treated animals. Atenolol administration, either alone or with diazepam, reduced heart rate, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QT<\/jats:styled-content>c interval, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BP<\/jats:styled-content> back to control levels. Atenolol also preserved cardiac morphology and reduced arrhythmia risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attenuation of seizure with diazepam offered no cardiac protection; however, coadministration of atenolol with diazepam prevented the development of seizure\u2010induced cardiac dysfunction. This study demonstrates that atenolol intervention should be strongly considered as an adjunct clinical treatment to reduce cardiomyopathy during seizures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1520419960000},"page":"854-865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improved cardiac outcomes with combined atenolol and diazepam intervention in seizure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9458-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgayn I.","family":"Read","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Otago School of Medical Sciences Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca N.","family":"Millen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University 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