{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:17:53Z","timestamp":1790691473279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1NS065838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1NS065838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>Bilingual healthy adults have been shown to exhibit an advantage in executive functioning (EF<\/jats:styled-content>) that is associated with microstructural changes in white matter (WM<\/jats:styled-content>) networks. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE<\/jats:styled-content>) often show EF<\/jats:styled-content> deficits that are associated with WM<\/jats:styled-content> compromise. In this study, we investigate whether bilingualism can increase cognitive reserve and\/or brain reserve in bilingual patients with TLE<\/jats:styled-content>, mitigating EF<\/jats:styled-content> impairment and WM<\/jats:styled-content> compromise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained in 19 bilingual and 26 monolingual patients with TLE<\/jats:styled-content>, 12 bilingual healthy controls (HC<\/jats:styled-content>), and 21 monolingual HC<\/jats:styled-content>. Fractional anisotropy (FA<\/jats:styled-content>) and mean diffusivity (MD<\/jats:styled-content>) were calculated for the uncinate fasciculus (Unc) and cingulum (Cing), superior frontostriatal tract (SFS<\/jats:styled-content>), and inferior frontostriatal tract (IFS<\/jats:styled-content>). Measures of EF<\/jats:styled-content> included Trail Making Test\u2010B (TMT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B) and Delis\u2010Kaplan Executive Function System Color\u2010Word Inhibition\/Switching. Analyses of covariance<\/jats:styled-content> were conducted to compare FA<\/jats:styled-content> and MD<\/jats:styled-content> of the Unc, Cing, SFS<\/jats:styled-content>, and IFS<\/jats:styled-content> and EF<\/jats:styled-content> performance across groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In bilingual patients, FA<\/jats:styled-content> was lower in the ipsilateral Cing and Unc compared to all other groups. For both patient groups, MD<\/jats:styled-content> of the ipsilateral Unc was higher relative to HC<\/jats:styled-content>. Despite more pronounced reductions in WM<\/jats:styled-content> integrity, bilingual patients performed similarly to monolingual TLE<\/jats:styled-content> and both HC<\/jats:styled-content> groups on EF<\/jats:styled-content> measures. By contrast, monolingual patients performed worse than HC<\/jats:styled-content> on TMT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B. In addition, differences in group means between bilingual and monolingual patients on TMT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B approached significance when controlling for the extent of WM<\/jats:styled-content> damage (P<\/jats:italic> = .071; d<\/jats:italic> = 0.62), suggesting a tendency toward higher performance for bilingual patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Significance<\/jats:title>Despite poorer integrity of regional frontal lobe WM<\/jats:styled-content>, bilingual patients performed similarly to monolingual patients and HC<\/jats:styled-content> on EF<\/jats:styled-content> measures. These findings align with studies suggesting that bilingualism may provide a protective factor for individuals with neurological disease, potentially through reorganization of EF<\/jats:styled-content> networks that promote greater cognitive reserve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T14:11:35Z","timestamp":1523887895000},"page":"1037-1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Does bilingualism increase brain or cognitive reserve in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Anny","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics University of California San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna M.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics University of California San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Hsuan A.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics University of California San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeim","family":"Bahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics University of California San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Kansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente J.","family":"Iragui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn S.","family":"Tecoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar H.","family":"Gollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie R.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics University of California San Diego CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100610387084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0524-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.19.2.290"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003","article-title":"Bilingual language production: the neurocognition of language representation and control","volume":"20","author":"Jubin Abutalebi DG","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414183112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4563-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.3.0449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01539.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"What does diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tell us about cognitive networks in temporal lobe epilepsy?","volume":"5","author":"Leyden KM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00512.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906053106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2016.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/65.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.589.14571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15043.wat"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fepi.14072","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.14072","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/epi.14072","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.14072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T13:01:25Z","timestamp":1694782885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.14072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.14072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.14072","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}