{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:37:21Z","timestamp":1791859041900,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001605","name":"Epilepsy Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a purified oral cannabidiol (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) capsule administered with and without food in adults with refractory epilepsy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult patients who were prescribed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for seizures, had localization\u2010related intractable epilepsy with \u22654 seizures per month, and qualified for Minnesota cannabis were enrolled. A single dose of 99% pure\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      capsules was taken under both fasting (no breakfast) and fed (high fat 840\u2010860 calorie) conditions. Blood sampling for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      plasma concentrations was performed under each condition between 0 and 72\u00a0hours post\u2010dose and measured by a validated liquid chormatography\u2010mass spectometry assay.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      pharmacokinetic profiles including maximum concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), area\u2010under\u2010the\u2010curve from zero to infinity (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and time\u2010to\u2010maximum concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were calculated. The confidence intervals (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) for log\u2010transformed\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      ratios between fed and fasting states were calculated. Seizure and adverse events information was collected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight patients completed the study. On average\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 14 times and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      4 times higher in the fed state. The 90%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for the ratio of fed versus fast conditions for\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      were 7.47\u201031.86 and 3.42\u20107.82, respectively. No sequence or period effect for\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      was observed. No adverse events were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administering\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      as a capsule rather than a liquid allows for more precise determination of pharmacokinetics parameters and is more representative of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      swallowed products. The fat content of a meal can lead to significant increases in\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      and can account for variability in bioavailability and overall drug exposure within patients with oral products.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T14:20:52Z","timestamp":1561645252000},"page":"1586-1592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Angela K.","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0654-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwin","family":"Karanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Barkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory P.","family":"Remmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Roslawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Gramling\u2010Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MINCEP Epilepsy Care University of Minnesota Physicians Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilo E.","family":"Leppik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"MINCEP Epilepsy Care University of Minnesota Physicians Minneapolis 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