{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:41:51Z","timestamp":1792428111874,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant R01\u2010NS39403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant R01\u2010NS39403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a causal model for the occurrence of neurocysticercosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010related seizures and test hypotheses generated from the model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from a randomized controlled trial comparing albendazole with placebo among patients newly diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content>. Based on our causal model, we explored the associations among albendazole treatment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> cyst evolution, and seizure outcomes over 24\u00a0months of follow\u2010up using generalized linear mixed effect models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 153 participants, of whom 51% received albendazole. The association between seizure outcomes and treatment over time demonstrated lack of linearity and heterogeneity, requiring the inclusion of time\u2010treatment interaction terms for valid modeling. Participants in the albendazole group had fewer seizures overall and of partial onset at all time points compared with the placebo group, but the difference increased over the first few months following treatment, then decreased over time. Generalized seizures exhibited a more complex association; those in the albendazole group had fewer seizures compared with those in the placebo group for the first few months after treatment, and then the association reversed and those in the placebo arm had fewer seizures. Adjusting for the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NC<\/jats:styled-content> cysts in each phase resulted in an attenuation of the strength of association between albendazole and seizure outcomes, consistent with mediation. Among participants in whom all cysts had disappeared (n\u00a0=\u00a021), none continued to have seizures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Albendazole treatment is associated with a possible reduction in focal seizures in the short term (3\u20106\u00a0months), perhaps by hastening the resolution of the cysts. However, the effect is not discernible over the long term, because most cysts either calcify or resolve completely, regardless of whether treated with albendazole. The stage of evolution of the cysticercus is an important consideration in the evaluation of albendazole effect on seizure outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T14:13:46Z","timestamp":1564409626000},"page":"1820-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Exploring the complex associations over time among albendazole treatment, cyst evolution, and seizure outcomes in neurocysticercosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Carpio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Cuenca Cuenca Ecuador"},{"name":"G. H. Sergievsky Center Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health City University of New York New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health City University of New York New York New York"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy City University of New York New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine School of Public Health University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnosis by Imaging Cuenca Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Allen","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G. H. 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