{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:35:34Z","timestamp":1791416134822,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AHRQ 1 R21 HS024977\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AHRQ 1 R21 HS024977\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K25 HL125954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25 HL125954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Racial disparities in the utilization of epilepsy surgery are well documented, but it is unknown whether a natural language processing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NLP<\/jats:styled-content>) algorithm trained on physician notes would produce biased recommendations for epilepsy presurgical evaluations. To assess this, an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NLP<\/jats:styled-content> algorithm was trained to identify potential surgical candidates using 1097 notes from 175 epilepsy patients with a history of resective epilepsy surgery and 268 patients who achieved seizure freedom without surgery (total N\u00a0=\u00a0443 patients). The model was tested on 8340 notes from 3776 patients with epilepsy whose surgical candidacy status was unknown (2029 male, 1747 female, median age = 9\u00a0years; age range = 0\u201060\u00a0years). Multiple linear regression using demographic variables as covariates was used to test for correlations between patient race and surgical candidacy scores. After accounting for other demographic and socioeconomic variables, patient race, gender, and primary language did not influence surgical candidacy scores (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.35 for all). Higher scores were given to patients &gt;18\u00a0years old who traveled farther to receive care, and those who had a higher family income and public insurance (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.001, .001, .001, and .01, respectively). Demographic effects on surgical candidacy scores appeared to reflect patterns in patient referrals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1566549828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Investigation of bias in an epilepsy machine learning algorithm trained on physician notes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Wissel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansel M.","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy A.","family":"Glauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco T.","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Santel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Pestian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda D.","family":"Szczesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics &amp; Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith W.","family":"Dexheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05707-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720347115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"DastinJ.Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women 2018. Available at:https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight\/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G. Accessed November 8 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318250d7ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12912"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.15966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"MatykiewiczP CohenK HollandKD et al.Earlier identification of epilepsy surgery candidates using natural language processing. Proceedings of the 2013 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing. The conference was held in Sofia Bulgaria. It was hosted by the Association for Computational Linguistics headquartered in Stroudsburg PA USA.2013:1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/BII.S38308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Natural language processing (almost) from scratch","volume":"12","author":"Collobert R","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1013285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Projections of the Size and Composition of the US Population: 2014 to 2060: Population Estimates and Projections","author":"Colby SL","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.16320","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/epi.16320","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.16320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T12:25:53Z","timestamp":1694262353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.16320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.16320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.16320","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}