{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:35:05Z","timestamp":1791333305384,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]],"date-time":"2019-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to characterize the demographics of adults with dissociative (nonepileptic) seizures, placing emphasis on distribution of age at onset, male:female ratio, levels of deprivation, and dissociative seizure semiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected demographic and clinical data from 698 adults with dissociative seizures recruited to the screening phase of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CODES<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy vs Standardised Medical Care for Adults With Dissociative Non\u2010Epileptic Seizures) trial from 27 neurology\/specialist epilepsy clinics in the UK. We described the cohort in terms of age, age at onset of dissociative seizures, duration of seizure disorder, level of socioeconomic deprivation, and other social and clinical demographic characteristics and their associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In what is, to date, the largest study of adults with dissociative seizures, the overall modal age at dissociative seizure onset was 19 years; median age at onset was 28\u00a0years. Although 74% of the sample was female, importantly the male:female ratio varied with age at onset, with 77% of female but only 59% of male participants developing dissociative seizures by the age of 40 years. The frequency of self\u2010reported previous epilepsy was 27%; nearly half of these epilepsy diagnoses were retrospectively considered erroneous by clinicians. Patients with predominantly hyperkinetic dissociative seizures had a shorter disorder duration prior to diagnosis in this study than patients with hypokinetic seizures (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a0.001); dissociative seizure type was not associated with gender. Predominantly hyperkinetic seizures were most commonly seen in patients with symptom onset in their late teens. Thirty percent of the sample reported taking antiepileptic drugs; this was more common in men. More than 50% of the sample lived in areas characterized by the highest levels of deprivation, and more than two\u2010thirds were unemployed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females with dissociative seizures were more common at all ages, whereas the proportion of males increased with age at onset. This disorder was associated with socioeconomic deprivation. Those with hypokinetic dissociative seizures may be at risk for delayed diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T00:23:38Z","timestamp":1571012618000},"page":"2182-2193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Characteristics of 698 patients with dissociative seizures: A\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura H.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Reuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Neurology Unit Royal Hallamshire Hospital University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudie","family":"Chalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole","family":"Eastwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"McCrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6739-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Medford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D. C.","family":"Mellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Justice and Global Responsibility School of Law and Social Sciences London South Bank University London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Mosweu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7348-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8078-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iain","family":"Perdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7350-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Pilecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of\u00a0the CODES Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000223320.94812.7a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.10.1643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.3000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2004.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"296","article-title":"Gender differences in non\u2010epileptic seizure semiology and risk factors","volume":"1","author":"Thomas AA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0350-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"1994 American Psychiatric Association Washington DC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government.English indices of deprivation 2010. 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