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Delineation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be ambiguous, however, because the conventional T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010 and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted contrasts depend strongly on myelin for differentiation of cortical tissue and white matter. Variations in myelin content within both cortex and white matter may cause MCD findings on MRI to change size, become undetectable, or disagree with histopathology. The novel tensor\u2010valued diffusion MRI (dMRI) technique maps microscopic diffusion anisotropy, which is sensitive to axons rather than myelin. This work investigated whether tensor\u2010valued dMRI may improve differentiation of cortex and white matter in the delineation of MCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tensor\u2010valued dMRI was performed on a 7 T MRI scanner in 13 MCD patients (age = 32\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013\u00a0years) featuring periventricular heterotopia, subcortical heterotopia, focal cortical dysplasia, and polymicrogyria. Data analysis yielded maps of microscopic anisotropy that were compared with T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010fluid\u2010attenuated inversion recovery images and with the fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maps of microscopic anisotropy revealed large white matter\u2010like regions within MCD that were uniformly cortex\u2010like in the conventional MRI contrasts. These regions were seen particularly in the deep white matter parts of subcortical heterotopias and near the gray\u2010white boundaries of focal cortical dysplasias and polymicrogyrias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>By being sensitive to axons rather than myelin, mapping of microscopic anisotropy may yield a more robust differentiation of cortex and white matter and improve MCD delineation in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T12:39:49Z","timestamp":1594816789000},"page":"1701-1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Tensor\u2010valued diffusion MRI differentiates cortex and white matter in malformations of cortical development associated with epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Lampinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Lund Medical Radiation Physics Lund University Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadne","family":"Zampeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Lund Neurology Lund University Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella M.","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman\u2010Burtscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 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