{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:07:35Z","timestamp":1790521655602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presurgical evaluation and surgery in the pediatric age group are unique in challenges related to caring for the very young, range of etiologies, choice of appropriate investigations, and surgical procedures. Accepted standards that define the criteria for levels of presurgical evaluation and epilepsy surgery care do not exist. Through a modified Delphi process involving 61 centers with experience in pediatric epilepsy surgery across 20 countries, including low\u2013middle\u2010 to high\u2010income countries, we established consensus for two levels of care. Levels were based on age, etiology, complexity of presurgical evaluation, and surgical procedure. Competencies were assigned to the levels of care relating to personnel, technology, and facilities. Criteria were established when consensus was reached (\u226575% agreement). Level 1 care consists of children age 9 years and older, with discrete lesions including hippocampal sclerosis, undergoing lobectomy or lesionectomy, preferably on the cerebral convexity and not close to eloquent cortex, by a team including a pediatric epileptologist, pediatric neurosurgeon, and pediatric neuroradiologist with access to video\u2010electroencephalography and 1.5\u2010T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Level 2 care, also encompassing Level 1 care, occurs across the age span and range of etiologies (including tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge\u2010Weber syndrome, hypothalamic hamartoma) associated with MRI lesions that may be ill\u2010defined, multilobar, hemispheric, or multifocal, and includes children with normal MRI or foci in\/abutting eloquent cortex. Available Level 2 technologies includes 3\u2010T MRI, other advanced magnetic resonance technology including functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (tractography), positron emission tomography and\/or single photon emission computed tomography, source localization with electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography, and the ability to perform intra\u2010 or extraoperative invasive monitoring and functional mapping, by a large multidisciplinary team with pediatric expertise in epilepsy, neurophysiology, neuroradiology, epilepsy neurosurgery, neuropsychology, anesthesia, neurocritical care, psychiatry, and nursing. Levels of care will improve safety and outcomes for pediatric epilepsy surgery and provide standards for personnel and technology to achieve these levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T03:49:27Z","timestamp":1605412167000},"page":"2629-2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Establishing criteria for pediatric epilepsy surgery center levels of care: Report from the ILAE Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Task Force"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5709-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Research Children\u2019s National Medical Center Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Jette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan T.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Neurology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7233-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Arzimanoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Epileptology and Functional Neurology University Hospitals of Lyon and Lyon Neuroscience Research Lyons France"},{"name":"Epilepsy Unit Child Neurology Department Hospital San Juan de Dios Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees P. J.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology University Medical Center Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Cukiert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery San Paolo Epilepsy Clinic San Paolo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Research Children\u2019s National Medical Center Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Simon","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Neuroscience Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertil","family":"Rydenhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vrajesh","family":"Udani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology P. D. Hinduja Hospital Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo M.","family":"Wilmshurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Helen","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Unit Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Jayakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Task Force for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery, Commission for Pediatrics, and the Surgical Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"56","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"717","article-title":".\u00a0Changing profiles of pediatric epilepsy surgery candidates over time: a nationwide single\u2010center experience from 1990 to 2011","volume":"2015","author":"Lamberink H.J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12912"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821527f0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.21903.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000151970.29205.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.15303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1455503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00569.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Epilepsy Action.Children\u2019s Epilepsy Surgery Service in England (CESS). 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