{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:02:05Z","timestamp":1791662525632,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult drug\u2010resistant epilepsy (DRE) is associated with significant morbidity. Infiltration of immune cells is observed in DRE epileptic foci; however, the relation between DRE and the peripheral immune cell compartment remains only partially understood. We aimed to investigate differences in immune cell populations, cytokines, and neurodegenerative biomarkers in the peripheral blood of subjects with epilepsy versus healthy controls, and in DRE compared to well\u2010controlled epilepsy (WCE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum from &gt;120 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched adults suffering from focal onset epilepsy and controls were analyzed by multipanel flow cytometry, multiplex immunoassays, and ultrasensitive single molecule array.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a data\u2010driven analytical approach, we identified that CD4 T cells in the peripheral blood are present in a higher proportion in DRE patients. Moreover, we observed that the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)\u201017A, IL\u201022, tumor necrosis factor, interferon\u2010\u03b3, and granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2013stimulating factor, but not anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines IL\u201010 and IL\u20104, is elevated in the peripheral blood of DRE subjects compared to WCE. In parallel, we found that Th17\u2010related circulating proinflammatory cytokines are elevated, but Th2\u2010related cytokine IL\u20104 is reduced, in the serum of epilepsy and DRE subjects. As Th17 cells can exert neurotoxicity, we measured levels of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), a marker of neuronal injury. We found significantly elevated levels of sNfL in DRE compared to controls, especially among older individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data support that DRE is associated with an expansion of the CD4 Tcell subset in the peripheral blood and with a shift toward a proinflammatory Th17\/Th1 CD4 Tcell immune profile. Our results further show that pathological levels of sNfL are more frequent in DRE, supporting a potential neurodegenerative component in adult DRE. With this work, we provide evidence for novel potential inflammatory and degenerative biomarkers in DRE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T21:31:56Z","timestamp":1604352716000},"page":"176-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Increased frequency of proinflammatory CD4 T cells and pathological levels of serum neurofilament light chain in adult drug\u2010resistant epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9346-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumarou","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectiology University of Montreal Montreal QC 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