{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:56:02Z","timestamp":1793908562797,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C1009003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1009003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To treat intractable cases of autoimmune encephalitis, the need for novel immunotherapy that penetrates the blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB) is increasing. Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor used to treat refractory immune\u2010mediated diseases that effectively penetrates the BBB. Accordingly, tofacitinib could be a new option for patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis. Patients treated with tofacitinib were selected from Seoul National University Hospital cohort for autoimmune encephalitis from April 2019 until July 2020. We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of tofacitinib in patients with autoimmune encephalitis who showed insufficient responses to multimodal conventional immunotherapies. Tofacitinib was administered orally at a dose of 5\u00a0mg twice daily. A total of eight patients were treated with tofacitinib; two had good responses (clinical global impression\u2010improvement score [CGI\u2010I]\u00a0=\u00a01 or 2), three had partial responses (CGI\u2010I\u00a0=\u00a03), and three showed no significant improvements (CGI\u2010I\u00a0=\u00a04) in response to tofacitinib. The two good responders showed the improvement of chronic autoimmune meningoencephalitis and the cessation of the new\u2010onset refractory status epilepticus in anti\u2010myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)\u2013associated disorder, which was previously intractable to anesthetics and the other immunotherapies. No patients had serious side effects. Our findings suggest the potential of tofacitinib as a therapeutic option for central nervous system autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T07:07:09Z","timestamp":1614755229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Tofacitinib treatment for refractory autoimmune encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Yoonhyuk","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo\u2010Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kon","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Kun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4767-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon\u2010Tae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311\u2010020\u201000921\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.4.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0582-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9926791 Tofacitinib. Available at:https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Tofacitinib. Accessed Nov. 21."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.054940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30078-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0082-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25421"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Edgmont Pa Townsh"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70282-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0217-x"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.16848","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/epi.16848","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.16848","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T13:55:17Z","timestamp":1692626117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.16848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.16848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.16848","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}