{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:38:30Z","timestamp":1791409110824,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was undertaken to perform an updated systematic review and meta\u2010analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), describing trends over time, and exploring potential clinical and epidemiological factors explaining the heterogeneity in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies assessing the incidence or prevalence of epilepsy in LAC countries up to March 2020 were systematically reviewed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses) guidelines. Meta\u2010analyses and cumulative analyses were performed using random\u2010effects models. We assessed between\u2010study heterogeneity with sensitivity, subgroup, and meta\u2010regression analyses. Moreover, the quality of the included studies and the certainty of evidence were evaluated using the GRADE (grading of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 40 studies (from 42 records) were included, 37 for prevalence analyses and six for incidence (312\u00a0387 inhabitants; 410\u00a0178 person\u2010years). The lifetime prevalence was 14.09 per 1000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.72\u201316.67), for active epilepsy prevalence was 9.06 per 1000 individuals (95% CI = 6.94\u201311.44), and the incidence rate was 1.11 per 1000 person\u2010years (95% CI = .65\u20131.70). These high estimates have been constant in the region since 1990. However, substantial statistical heterogeneity between studies and publication bias were found. The overall certainty of evidence was low. Methodological aspects (sample size) and countries\u2019 epidemiological characteristics such as access to sanitation services and child and adult mortality rates explained the high heterogeneity. Finally, the prevalence of epilepsy associated with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in the general population was high, and the proportion of NCC diagnosis among people living with epilepsy was 17.37%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epilepsy prevalence and incidence in LAC are higher than worldwide estimates, being constant since 1990 and strongly influenced by NCC. We identified high between\u2010study heterogeneity and significant methodological limitations (e.g., heterogeneous definitions, lack of longitudinal studies). The region needs upgraded research using standardized definitions and diagnostic methods, and urgent action against preventable causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T11:01:08Z","timestamp":1614682868000},"page":"984-996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of population\u2010based studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alva\u2010D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences, Clinical Effectiveness and Public Health Research Group Universidad Cientifica del Sur Lima 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