{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:53:55Z","timestamp":1784091235173,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014114","name":"GW Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to reduce seizures among patients with refractory epilepsies of various etiologies in recent clinical trials and an expanded access program (EAP). Most studies report efficacy over short time periods (&lt;1\u00a0year), with little published on longer term efficacy. Here, we investigate the efficacy of CBD for a treatment period of up to 60\u00a0months (median = 45.5\u00a0months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective review of patient\u2010reported seizure logs and medical records for 54 subjects with refractory epilepsy who enrolled in the Massachusetts General Hospital's open\u2010label EAP for CBD as a new treatment for epilepsy. We analyzed the effect of CBD on seizure frequencies and concomitant antiepileptic drug (AED) use at 1\u00a0year after starting treatment and the most recent study visit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that CBD maintains its efficacy for controlling seizures from Year 1 to the most recent study visit. The percentage of seizure responders remained similar at these time points (41.7%\u201342.6%), and the seizure response rate was also maintained (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.12). Efficacy was also seen over a broad dose range, and up to 50\u00a0mg\/kg\/day. CBD was particularly effective for controlling seizures in the setting of tuberous sclerosis complex and for reducing epileptic spasms and absence seizures. Although CBD use did not lead to an overall decrease in concomitant AEDs, most subjects reduced the dose of at least one concomitant AED compared to baseline. CBD was generally well tolerated, with drowsiness and diarrhea as the primary adverse reactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates CBD does not lose its efficacy in controlling seizures over a treatment period of up to 60\u00a0months. Taken alongside other results on the efficacy and tolerability of CBD in the treatment of refractory epilepsies, our results provide evidence that CBD is an effective, safe, and well\u2010tolerated AED for long\u2010term use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T13:04:52Z","timestamp":1622725492000},"page":"1594-1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The long\u2010term efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of refractory epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Sandip","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Grinspoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Skirvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Wolper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3431-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30136-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical 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