{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:24:37Z","timestamp":1787624677961,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008914","name":"Ontario Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Focal impaired awareness seizures (FIASs) are the most common seizure type in adults and are often refractory to medication. Management of FIASs is clinically challenging, and new interventions are needed for better seizure control. The amygdala\u2010kindling model is a preclinical model of FIASs with secondary generalization. The present study assessed the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD), \u22069\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and a combination of CBD and THC in a 15:1 ratio at suppressing focal and secondarily generalized seizures in the amygdala\u2010kindled rat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fully kindled, male Sprague Dawley rats, with bipolar electrodes implanted in the right amygdala, were given either CBD (0\u2013320\u00a0mg\/kg), THC (0\u201340\u00a0mg\/kg), or a combination of CBD and THC (15:1 ratio, multiple doses) intraperitoneally. Suprathreshold kindling stimulation was administered 1 h (THC) or 2 h (CBD) after drug injection, and outcomes were assessed using focal electroencephalographic recording and the Racine seizure scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CBD alone produced a partial suppression of both generalized seizures (median effective dose [ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ] = 283\u00a0mg\/kg) and focal seizures (ED\n                      <jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 320\u00a0mg\/kg) at doses that did not produce ataxia. THC alone also produced partial suppression of generalized (ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 10\u00a0mg\/kg) and focal (ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 30\u00a0mg\/kg) seizures, but doses of 10 mg\/kg and above produced hypolocomotion, although not ataxia. The addition of a low dose of THC to CBD (15:1) left\u2010shifted the CBD dose\u2013response curve, producing much lower ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      s for both generalized (ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 26 + 1.73\u00a0mg\/kg) and focal (ED\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 40 + 2.66\u00a0mg\/kg) seizures. No ataxia or hypolocomotion was seen at these doses of the CBD\u00a0+\u00a0THC combination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBD and THC both have antiseizure properties in the amygdala\u2010kindling model, although THC produces suppression of the amygdala focus only at doses that produce hypolocomotion. The addition of small amounts of THC greatly improves the effectiveness of CBD. A combination of CBD and THC might be useful for the management of FIASs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1626067810000},"page":"2274-2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Antiseizure effects of the cannabinoids in the amygdala\u2010kindling model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merrick S.","family":"Fallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Dlugosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles D.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MPX International North York Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. McIntyre","family":"Burnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario 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