{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:41:26Z","timestamp":1791805286034,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS089212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS089212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01EB023820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EB023820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB026299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB026299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether brain connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) types I and II.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared cortico\u2010cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) as measures of effective brain connectivity in 25 FCD patients with drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsy who underwent intracranial evaluation with stereo\u2010electroencephalography (SEEG). We analyzed the amplitude and latency of CCEP responses following ictal\u2010onset single\u2010pulse electrical stimulation (iSPES).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In comparison to FCD type II, patients with type I demonstrated significantly larger responses in the electrodes near the ictal\u2010onset zone (&lt;50\u00a0mm). These findings persisted when controlling for the location of the epileptogenic zone, as noted in patients with temporal lobe epilepsies, as well as controlling for seizure type, as noted in patients with focal to bilateral tonic\u2010clonic seizures (FBTCS). In type II, the root mean square (RMS) of CCEP responses dropped substantially from the early segment (10\u201360\u00a0ms) to the middle and late segments (60\u2013600\u00a0ms). The middle and late CCEP latency segments showed the largest differences between FCD types I and II.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Focal cortical dysplasia type I may have a greater degree of cortical hyperexcitability as compared with FCD type II. In addition, FCD type II displays a more restrictive area of hyperexcitability in both temporal and spatial domains. In patients with FBTCS and type I FCD, the increased amplitudes of RMS in the middle and late CCEP periods appear consistent with the cortico\u2010thalamo\u2010cortical network involvement of FBTCS. The notable differences in degree and extent of hyperexcitability may contribute to the different postsurgical seizure outcomes noted between these two pathological substrates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T07:51:18Z","timestamp":1632124278000},"page":"2753-2765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effective connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia types I and II"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3600-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal and Image Processing Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 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