{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:46:33Z","timestamp":1788259593190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous predictive scores have been developed to help determine which patients with epilepsy or seizures of unknown etiology should undergo neural antibody testing. However, their diagnostic advantage compared to only performing testing in patients with \u201cobvious\u201d indications (e.g., broader features of autoimmune encephalitis, characteristic seizure semiologies) requires further study. We aimed to develop a checklist that identifies patients who have \u201cobvious\u201d indications for neural antibody testing and to compare its diagnostic performance to predictive scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed the \u201cObvious\u201d indications for Neural antibody testing in Epilepsy or Seizures (ONES) checklist through literature review. We then retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent neural antibody testing for epilepsy or seizures at our center between March 2019 and January 2021, to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of the ONES checklist to the recently proposed Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy (APE2)\/Antibodies Contributing to Focal Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms (ACES) reflex score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One\u2010hundred seventy patients who underwent neural antibody testing for epilepsy or seizures were identified. Seventy\u2010four of 170 (43.5%) with a known etiology were excluded from sensitivity\/specificity analyses; none had a true\u2010positive neural antibody. Of the 96 patients with an unknown etiology, 14 (15%) had a true\u2010positive neural antibody. The proportion of false\u2010positives was significantly higher among patients with a known etiology (3\/3, 100%) compared to an unknown etiology (2\/16, 13%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01). There was no significant difference of the APE2\/ACES reflex score compared to the ONES checklist with regard to sensitivity (93% for both,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a0.99) or specificity (71% vs. 78%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.18) for true\u2010positive neural antibodies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to only performing neural antibody testing in patients with epilepsy or seizures of unknown etiology who have \u201cobvious\u201d indications, predictive scores confer no clear diagnostic advantage. Prespecified definitions of what constitutes a true\u2010positive neural antibody is required in future studies to avoid false\u2010positives that can confound results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T15:24:26Z","timestamp":1648394666000},"page":"1658-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["\u201cObvious\u201d indications for Neural antibody testing in Epilepsy or Seizures: The ONES checklist"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yiu\u2010Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam Nabavi","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed","family":"Mirsattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge\u00a0G.","family":"Burneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Neuroepidemiology Unit Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Budhram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine London Health Sciences Centre Western University  London Ontario 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