{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:52:13Z","timestamp":1790171533794,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001137","name":"Australia Awards","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epileptic spasms (ES) are common in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). However, the underlying network alterations and relationship with epileptogenic tubers are poorly understood. We examined interictal functional connectivity (FC) using stereo\u2010electroencephalography (SEEG) in patients with TSC to investigate the relationship between tubers, epileptogenicity, and ES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed 18 patients with TSC who underwent SEEG (mean age\u00a0=\u00a011.5\u2009years). The dominant tuber (DT) was defined as the most epileptogenic tuber using the epileptogenicity index. Epileptogenic zone (EZ) organization was quantitatively separated into focal (isolated DT) and complex (all other patterns). Using a 20\u2010min interictal recording, FC was estimated with nonlinear regression, <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. We calculated (1) intrazone FC within all sampled tubers and normal\u2010appearing cortical zones, respectively; and (2) interzone FC involving connections between DT, other tubers, and normal cortex. The relationship between FC and (1) presence of ES as a current seizure type at the time of SEEG, (2) EZ organization, and (3) epileptogenicity was analyzed using a mixed generalized linear model. Spike rate and distance between zones were considered in the model as covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six patients had ES as a current seizure type at time of SEEG. ES patients had a greater number of tubers with a fluid\u2010attenuated inversion recovery hypointense center (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), and none had <jats:italic>TSC1<\/jats:italic> mutations. The presence of ES was independently associated with increased FC within both intrazone (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.033) and interzone (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.011) networks. Post hoc analyses identified that increased FC was associated with ES across tuber and nontuber networks. EZ organization and epileptogenicity biomarkers were not associated with FC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased cortical synchrony among both tuber and nontuber networks is characteristic of patients with ES and independent of both EZ organization and tuber epileptogenicity. This further supports the prospect of FC biomarkers aiding treatment paradigms in TSC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T13:27:30Z","timestamp":1656682050000},"page":"2359-2370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epileptic spasms are associated with increased stereo\u2010electroencephalography derived functional connectivity in tuberous sclerosis complex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Neal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduwell team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, UJM Lyon Neuroscience Research Center  Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology Lyon Civil Hospices, member of the ERN EpiCARE, and Lyon 1 University  Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Central Clinical School, Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Bouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduwell team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, UJM Lyon Neuroscience Research Center  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislas","family":"Lagarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Department, Timone Hospital Public Assistance Hospitals of Marseille, member of the ERN EpiCARE  Marseille France"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Neurosciences, National Institute of Health and Medical Research Aix\u2010Marseille University  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Ostrowsky\u2010Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduwell team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, UJM Lyon Neuroscience Research Center  Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders, and Functional Neurology Lyon Civil Hospices, member of the ERN EpiCARE  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department University Hospital of Nancy, member of the ERN EpiCARE  Nancy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Kahane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grenoble\u2010Alpes University Hospital Center, collaborating partner of the ERN EpiCARE Grenoble\u2010Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, National Institute of Health and Medical Research  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Touraine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics Saint Etienne University Hospital Center\u2013North Hospital  Saint\u2010Priest\u2010en\u2010Jarez France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helene","family":"Catenoix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduwell team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, UJM Lyon Neuroscience Research Center  Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology Lyon Civil Hospices, member of the ERN EpiCARE, and Lyon 1 University  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Montavont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduwell team, Inserm 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