{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T05:04:40Z","timestamp":1786770280841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug drive its exposure, efficacy, and tolerability. A thorough preclinical PK assessment of antiseizure medications (ASMs) is therefore essential to evaluate the clinical potential. We tested protection against evoked seizures of prototype ASMs in conjunction with analysis of plasma and brain PK as a proof\u2010of\u2010principle study to enhance our understanding of drug efficacy and duration of action using rodent seizure models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vivo seizure protection assays were performed in adult male CF\u20101 mice and Sprague Dawley rats. Clobazam (CLB), N\u2010desmethyl CLB (NCLB), carbamazepine (CBZ), CBZ\u201010,11\u2010epoxide (CBZE), sodium valproate (VPA), and levetiracetam (LEV) concentrations were quantified in plasma and brain using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of each analyte were calculated and used to determine PK parameters via noncompartmental analysis in Phoenix WinNonLin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCLB concentrations were approximately 10\u2010fold greater than CLB in mice. The antiseizure profile of CLB was partially sustained by NCLB in mice. CLB concentrations were lower in rats than in mice. CBZE plasma exposures were approximately 70% of CBZ in both mice and rats, likely contributing to the antiseizure effect of CBZ. VPA showed a relatively short half\u2010life in both mice and rats, which correlated with a sharp decline in efficacy. LEV had a prolonged brain and plasma half\u2010life, associated with a prolonged duration of action in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates the utility of PK analyses for understanding the seizure protection time course in mice and rats. The data indicate that distinct PK profiles of ASMs between mice and rats likely drive differences in drug efficacy between rodent models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T14:09:18Z","timestamp":1661782158000},"page":"2937-2948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluating the efficacy of prototype antiseizure drugs using a preclinical pharmacokinetic approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Toxicology, College of Pharmacy University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2660-8826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Rower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Toxicology, College of Pharmacy University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron S.","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3072090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00302-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328338ba18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1416-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Antiepileptic drugs","author":"White HS","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Probit analysis. 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