{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:52:49Z","timestamp":1783947169236,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006978","name":"University of California Berkeley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006978","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although increased mortality associated with epilepsy is well understood, data in patients after their first\u2010ever seizure are limited. We aimed to assess mortality after a first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure and identify causes of death (CODs) and risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective cohort study was undertaken of patients with first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure between 1999 and 2015 in Western Australia. Two age\u2010, gender\u2010, and calendar year\u2010matched local controls were obtained for each patient. Mortality data, including COD, based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision codes, were obtained. Final analysis was performed in January 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One thousand two hundred seventy\u2010eight patients with a first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure were compared to 2556 controls. Mean follow\u2010up was 7.3\u2009years (range = .1\u201320). Overall hazard ratio (HR) for death after a first unprovoked seizure compared to controls was 3.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] =\u20092.48\u20133.79), with HRs of 3.30 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.26\u20134.82) for those without seizure recurrence and 3.21 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.47\u20134.16) after a second seizure. Mortality was also increased in patients with normal imaging and no identified cause (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.50, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.82\u20133.42). Multivariate predictors of mortality were increasing age, remote symptomatic causes, first seizure presentation with seizure cluster or status epilepticus, neurological disability, and antidepressant use at time of first seizure. Seizure recurrence did not influence mortality rate. The commonest CODs were neurological, most relating to the underlying cause of seizures rather than being seizure\u2010related. Substance overdoses and suicide were more frequent CODs in patients compared to controls and were commoner than seizure\u2010related deaths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mortality is increased two\u2010 to threefold after a first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure, independent of seizure recurrence, and is not only attributable to the underlying neurological etiology. The greater likelihood of deaths related to substance overdose and suicide highlights the importance of assessing psychiatric comorbidity and substance use in patients with first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T08:41:06Z","timestamp":1677746466000},"page":"1266-1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mortality after a first\u2010ever unprovoked seizure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine W.","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Adult Epilepsy Service  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Lawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Adult Epilepsy Service  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Adult Epilepsy Service  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Adult Epilepsy Service  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Internal Medicine, Medical School University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102018\u2010320215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1999.tb02010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.240069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1998.tb01279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e3182a78f25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1993.tb00433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.3311.5\u2010 Demography Western Australia 2001. 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