{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1788398456909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002736","name":"Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRB number: HSC\u2010 MS\u2010 20\u2010 1228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRB number: HSC\u2010 MS\u2010 20\u2010 1228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify corticothalamic areas and electrical stimulation paradigms that optimally enhance breathing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010nine patients with medically intractable epilepsy were prospectively recruited in an epilepsy monitoring unit while undergoing stereoelectroencephalographic evaluation. Direct electrical stimulation in cortical and thalamic regions was carried out using low (&lt;1\u2009Hz) and high (\u226510\u2009Hz) frequencies, and low (&lt;5\u2009mA) and high (\u22655\u2009mA) current intensities, with pulse width of .1 ms. Electrocardiography, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), end\u2010tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), oronasal airflow, and abdominal and thoracic plethysmography were monitored continuously during stimulations. Airflow signal was used to estimate breathing rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation (MV) changes during stimulation, compared to baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Electrical stimulation increased MV in the amygdala, anterior cingulate, anterior insula, temporal pole, and thalamus, with an average increase in MV of 20.8%\u2009\u00b1\u200928.9% (range\u2009=\u20090.2%\u2013165.6%) in 19 patients. MV changes were associated with SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and ETCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      changes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Effects on respiration were parameter and site dependent. Within amygdala, low\u2010frequency stimulation of the medial region produced 78.49% greater MV change (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) compared to high\u2010frequency stimulation. Longer stimulation produced greater MV changes (an increase of 4.47% in MV for every additional 10\u2009s,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stimulation of amygdala, anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior insula, temporal pole, and thalamus, using certain stimulation paradigms, enhances respiration. Among tested paradigms, low\u2010frequency, low\u2010intensity, long\u2010duration stimulation of the medial amygdala is the most effective breathing enhancement stimulation strategy. Such approaches may pave the way for the future development of neuromodulatory techniques that aid rescue from seizure\u2010related apnea, potentially as a targeted sudden unexpected death in epilepsy prevention method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T08:05:01Z","timestamp":1682755501000},"page":"1925-1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stimulation\u2010induced respiratory enhancement in corticothalamic regions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Talavera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganne","family":"Chaitanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma","family":"Hupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandipan","family":"Pati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnson P.","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaison","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5084-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash S.","family":"Vakilna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute of Restorative Neurotechnologies University of Texas Health Science Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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