{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:45:34Z","timestamp":1791924334101,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0802012 MR\/M00841X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0802012 MR\/M00841X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS090405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS090405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01\u2010NS090407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01\u2010NS090407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a leading cause of death for patients with epilepsy; however, the pathophysiology remains unclear. Focal\u2010to\u2010bilateral tonic\u2013clonic seizures (FBTCS) are a major risk factor, and centrally\u2010mediated respiratory depression may increase the risk further. Here, we determined the volume and microstructure of the amygdala, a key structure that can trigger apnea in people with focal epilepsy, stratified by the presence or absence of FBTCS, ictal central apnea (ICA), and post\u2010convulsive central apnea (PCCA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Seventy\u2010three patients with focal impaired awareness seizures without FBTC seizures (FBTCneg group) and 30 with FBTCS (FBTCpos group) recorded during video electroencephalography (VEEG) with respiratory monitoring were recruited prospectively during presurgical investigations. We acquired high\u2010resolution T1\u2010weighted anatomic and multi\u2010shell diffusion images, and computed neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) metrics in all patients with epilepsy and 69 healthy controls. Amygdala volumetric and microstructure alterations were compared between three groups: healthy subjects, FBTCneg and FBTCpos groups. The FBTCpos group was further subdivided by the presence of ICA and PCCA, verified by VEEG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Bilateral amygdala volumes were significantly increased in the FBTCpos cohort compared to healthy controls and the FBTCneg group. Patients with recorded PCCA had the highest increase in bilateral amygdala volume of the FBTCpos cohort.<\/jats:p>Amygdala neurite density index (NDI) values were decreased significantly in both the FBTCneg and FBTCpos groups relative to healthy controls, with values in the FBTCpos group being the lowest of the two. The presence of PCCA was associated with significantly lower NDI values vs the non\u2010apnea FBTCpos group (p\u2009=\u20090.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Significance<\/jats:title>Individuals with FBTCpos and PCCA show significantly increased amygdala volumes and disrupted architecture bilaterally, with greater changes on the left side. The structural alterations reflected by NODDI and volume differences may be associated with inappropriate cardiorespiratory patterns mediated by the amygdala, particularly after FBTCS. Determination of amygdala volumetric and architectural changes may assist identification of individuals at risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T01:08:38Z","timestamp":1697764118000},"page":"3307-3318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Altered amygdala volumes and microstructure in focal epilepsy patients with tonic\u2013clonic<\/scp> seizures, ictal, and post\u2010convulsive central apnea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Zeicu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Legouhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing and Department of Computer Science University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana F. A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9395-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin P.","family":"Winston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"},{"name":"Epilepsy Society MRI Unit Chalfont St Peter UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sjoerd B.","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing and Department of Computer Science University College London London UK"},{"name":"Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation, and Analysis The University of Western Australia Nedlands Western Australia 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