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The frequency and nature of possible underlying structural brain abnormalities have, however, not been fully assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the possible structural causes of epilepsy in 331 people with epilepsy (240 from Kenya and 91 from South Africa) identified from community surveys of active convulsive epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired on 1.5\u2010Tesla scanners to determine the frequency and nature of any underlying lesions. We estimated the prevalence of these abnormalities using Bayesian priors (from an earlier pilot study) and observed data (from this study). We used a mixed\u2010effect modified Poisson regression approach with the site as a random effect to determine the clinical features associated with neuropathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MRI abnormalities were found in 140 of 240 (modeled prevalence\u2009=\u200959%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 53%\u201364%) of people with epilepsy in Kenya, and in 62 of 91 (modeled prevalence\u2009=\u200965%, 95% CI: 57%\u201373%) in South Africa, with a pooled modeled prevalence of 61% (95% CI: 56%\u201366%). Abnormalities were common in those with a history of adverse perinatal events (15\/23 [65%, 95% CI: 43%\u201384%]), exposure to parasitic infections (83\/120 [69%, 95% CI: 60%\u201377%]) and focal electroencephalographic features (97\/142 [68%, 95% CI: 60%\u201376%]), but less frequent in individuals with generalized electroencephalographic features (44\/99 [44%, 95% CI: 34%\u201355%]). Most abnormalities were potentially epileptogenic (167\/202, 82%), of which mesial temporal sclerosis (43%) and gliosis (34%) were the most frequent. Abnormalities were associated with co\u2010occurrence of generalized non\u2010convulsive seizures (relative risk [RR]\u2009=\u20091.12, 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.25), lack of family history of seizures (RR\u2009=\u20090.91, 0.86\u20130.96), convulsive status epilepticus (RR\u2009=\u20091.14, 1.08\u20131.21), frequent seizures (RR\u2009=\u20091.12, 1.04\u20131.20), and reported use of anti\u2010seizure medication (RR\u2009=\u20091.22, 1.18\u20131.26).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>MRI identified pathologies are common in people with epilepsy in Kenya and South Africa. Mesial temporal sclerosis, the most common abnormality, may be amenable to surgical correction. MRI may have a diagnostic value in rural Africa, but future longitudinal studies should examine the prognostic role.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T17:27:45Z","timestamp":1700069265000},"page":"165-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Kenyans and South Africans with active convulsive epilepsy: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3934-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Symon M.","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Unit KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme  Kilifi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Gunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Great Ormond Street Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7396-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"D'Arco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Great Ormond Street Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Kombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Unit KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony K.","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Medical College Aga Khan University of East Africa  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cromwell Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Medical College Aga Khan University of East Africa  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7345-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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