{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:17:47Z","timestamp":1790572667391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Focal cooling is emerging as a relevant therapy for drug\u2010resistant epilepsy (DRE). However, we lack data on its effectiveness in controlling seizures that originate in deep\u2010seated areas like the hippocampus. We present a thermoelectric solution for focal brain cooling that specifically targets these brain structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prototype implantable device was developed, including temperature sensors and a cannula for penicillin injection to create an epileptogenic zone (EZ) near the cooling tip in a non\u2010human primate model of epilepsy. The mesial temporal lobe was targeted with repeated penicillin injections into the hippocampus. Signals were recorded from an sEEG (Stereoelectroencephalography)\u00a0lead placed 2\u2009mm from the EZ. Once the number of seizures had stabilized, focal cooling was applied, and temperature and electroclinical events were monitored using a customized detection algorithm. Tests were performed on two <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis<\/jats:italic> monkeys at three temperatures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hippocampal seizures were observed 40\u2013120\u2009min post\u2010injection, their duration and frequency stabilized at around 120\u2009min. Compared to the control condition, a reduction in the number of hippocampal seizures was observed with cooling to 21\u00b0C (Control: 4.34 seizures, SD 1.704 per 20\u2009min vs Cooling to 21\u00b0C: 1.38 seizures, SD 1.004 per 20\u2009min). The effect was more pronounced with cooling to 17\u00b0C, resulting in an almost 80% reduction in seizure frequency. Seizure duration and number of interictal discharges were unchanged following focal cooling. After several months of repeated penicillin injections, hippocampal sclerosis was observed, similar to that recorded in humans. In addition, seizures were identified by detecting temperature variations of 0.3\u00b0C in the EZ correlated with the start of the seizures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In epilepsy therapy, the ultimate aim is total seizure control with minimal side effects. Focal cooling of the EZ could offer an alternative to surgery and to existing neuromodulation devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T10:44:59Z","timestamp":1716633899000},"page":"2069-2081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Focal cooling: An alternative treatment for drug\u2010resistant epilepsy in a mesial temporal lobe epilepsy primate model\u2014A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napoleon","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, LETI, Clinatec Universite Grenoble Alpes  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"de Montalivet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, LETI, Clinatec 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