{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:46:02Z","timestamp":1793234762968,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Efforts to understand the global variability in cognitive profiles in patients with epilepsy have been stymied by the lack of a standardized diagnostic system. This study examined the cross\u2010cultural applicability of the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC\u2010CoDE) in a cohort of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in India that was diverse in language, education, and cultural background.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of 548 adults with TLE from Mumbai completed a presurgical comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The IC\u2010CoDE taxonomy was applied to derive cognitive phenotypes in the sample. Analyses of variance were conducted to examine differences in demographic and clinical characteristics across the phenotypes, and chi\u2010squared tests were used to determine whether the phenotype distribution differed between the Mumbai sample and published data from a multicenter US sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the IC\u2010CoDE criteria, 47% of our cohort showed an intact cognitive profile, 31% a single\u2010domain impairment, 16% a bidomain impairment, and 6% a generalized impairment profile. The distribution of cognitive phenotypes was similar between the Indian and US cohorts for the intact and bidomain phenotypes, but differed for the single and generalized domains. There was a larger proportion of patients with single\u2010domain impairment in the Indian cohort and a larger proportion with generalized impairment in the US cohort. Among patients with single\u2010domain impairment, a greater proportion exhibited memory impairment in the Indian cohort, whereas a greater proportion showed language impairment in the US sample, likely reflecting differences in language administration procedures and sample characteristics including a higher rate of mesial temporal sclerosis in the Indian sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate the applicability of IC\u2010CoDE in a group of culturally and linguistically diverse patients from India. This approach enhances our understanding of cognitive variability across cultures and enables harmonized and inclusive research into the neuropsychological aspects of epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T15:14:08Z","timestamp":1718464448000},"page":"2386-2396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cross\u2010cultural application of the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC\u2010CoDE)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urvashi","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology King Edward Memorial Hospital  Mumbai 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