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However, whether the primate piriform cortex can trigger seizures remains unknown. Here, in a nonhuman primate model, we aimed to localize a similar trigger zone in the piriform cortex and, subsequently, evaluated the ability of focal inhibition of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) to suppress the evoked seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Focal microinjection of the \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid type A (GABA\n                      <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) antagonist bicuculline methiodide into the piriform cortex was performed, in macaque monkeys, on a within\u2010subject basis to map the ictogenic regions within this area. Glutamate antagonists were used to characterize the local circuit pharmacology. Focal inhibition of the substantia nigra by infusion of the GABA\n                      <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                      agonist muscimol suppressed seizures evoked from piriform cortex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We documented a well\u2010defined region highly susceptible to bicuculline\u2010induced seizures in the piriform cortex, just posterior to the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes, indicating that a functional homolog to the rodent area tempestas is present in the primate brain. Focal infusion of glutamate receptor antagonists into the area tempestas revealed that \u03b1\u2010amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isoxazolepropionic acid receptor\u2010mediated, but not N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate\u2010mediated, neurotransmission was necessary for the expression of seizures. Pharmacological inhibition of the SNpr robustly suppressed area tempestas\u2010evoked seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these data point to the area tempestas as a potent ictogenic zone in the primate brain and underscore the antiseizure effects of inhibition of the SNpr. Building on decades of studies in rodents, our present findings emphasize the relevance of these targets to the primate brain and provide further rationale for exploring these targets for clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T10:50:13Z","timestamp":1733395813000},"page":"569-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Piriform cortex is an ictogenic trigger zone in the primate brain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Gale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Georgetown University  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience Georgetown University  Washington District of Columbia 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