{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:52:45Z","timestamp":1791924765565,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R21NS123630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R21NS123630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most common medically resistant epilepsy (MRE) involves the temporal lobe (TLE), and children designated as temporal plus epilepsy (TLE+) have a five\u2010times increased risk of postoperative surgical failure. This retrospective, blinded, cross\u2010sectional study aimed to correlate visual and computational analyses of magnetoencephalography (MEG) virtual sensor waveforms with surgical outcome and epilepsy classification (TLE and TLE+).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with MRE who underwent MEG and iEEG monitoring and had at least 1 year of postsurgical follow\u2010up were included in this retrospective analysis. User\u2010defined virtual sensor (UDvs) beamforming was completed with virtual sensors placed manually and symmetrically in the bilateral amygdalohippocampi, inferior\/middle\/superior temporal gyri, insula, suprasylvian operculum, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporoparieto\u2010occipital junction. Additionally, MEG effective connectivity was computed and quantified using eigenvector centrality (EC) to identify hub regions. More conventional MEG methods (equivalent current dipole [ECD], standardized low\u2010resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, synthetic aperture magnetometry beamformer), UDvs beamformer, and EC hubs were compared to iEEG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty patients (38 female, 42\u2009male) with MRE (mean age\u2009=\u200911.3\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2\u2009years, range\u2009=\u20091.0\u201331.5) were identified and included. Twenty\u2010five patients (31.3%) were classified as TLE, whereas 55 (68.8%) were TLE+. When modeling the association between MEG method, iEEG, and postoperative surgical outcome (odds of a worse [International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class &gt;\u20092] outcome), a significant result was seen only for UDvs beamformer (odds ratio [OR] =\u20091.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] =\u20091.01\u20131.48). Likewise, when the relationship between MEG method, iEEG, and classification (TLE and TLE+) was modeled, only UDvs beamformer had a significant association (OR\u2009=\u20091.47, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.13\u20131.92). When modeling the association between EC hub location and resection\/ablation to postoperative surgical outcome (odds of a good [ILAE 1\u20132] outcome), a significant association was seen (OR\u2009=\u20091.22, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.05\u20131.43).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates a concordance between UDvs beamforming and iEEG that is related to both postsurgical seizure outcome and presurgical classification of epilepsy (TLE and TLE+). UDvs beamforming could be a complementary approach to the well\u2010established ECD, improving invasive electrode and surgical resection planning for patients undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluations and treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T15:08:33Z","timestamp":1735571313000},"page":"1071-1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["User\u2010defined virtual sensors: A new solution to the problem of temporal plus epilepsy sources"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Tenney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Division of Neurology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical 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