{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:54:14Z","timestamp":1794365654213,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has updated the operational classification of epileptic seizures, building upon the framework established in 2017. This revision, informed by the implementation experience, involved a working group appointed by the ILAE Executive Committee. Comprising 37 members from all ILAE regions, the group utilized a modified Delphi process, requiring a consensus threshold of more than two thirds for any proposal. Following public comments, the Executive Committee appointed seven additional experts to the revision task force to address and incorporate the issues raised, as appropriate. The updated classification maintains four main seizure classes: Focal, Generalized, Unknown (whether focal or generalized), and Unclassified. Taxonomic rules distinguish classifiers, which are considered to reflect biological classes and directly impact clinical management, from descriptors, which indicate other important seizure characteristics. Focal seizures and those of unknown origin are further classified by the patient's state of consciousness (impaired or preserved) during the seizure, defined operationally through clinical assessment of awareness and responsiveness. If the state of consciousness is undetermined, the seizure is classified under the parent term, that is, the main seizure class (focal seizure or seizure of unknown origin). Generalized seizures are grouped into absence seizures, generalized tonic\u2013clonic seizures, and other generalized seizures, now including recognition of negative myoclonus as a seizure type. Seizures are described in the basic version as with or without observable manifestations, whereas an expanded version utilizes the chronological sequence of seizure semiology. This updated classification comprises four main classes and 21 seizure types. Special emphasis was placed on ensuring translatability into languages beyond English. Its aim is to establish a common language for all health care professionals involved in epilepsy care, from resource\u2010limited areas to highly specialized centers, and to provide accessible terms for patients and caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T03:00:18Z","timestamp":1745377218000},"page":"1804-1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":469,"title":["Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6035-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Beniczky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Danish Epilepsy Center  Dianalund Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5950-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Medical Informatics, and Technology, Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making, and Health Technology Assessment University for Health Sciences  Hall in Tyrol Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Wirrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals  Manama Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7575-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raidah","family":"Al Baradie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam  Al Hofuf Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Alonso Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Epilepsy Center HMG Coyoac\u00e1n  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Auvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Department, CRMR Epilepsies Rares APHP, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital  Paris France"},{"name":"INSERM NeuroDiderot, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7217-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamta Bhushan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hal","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Neurosurgery Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5177-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Bogacz Fressola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Institute Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica  Montevideo Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Caraballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Juan P. 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