{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:02:06Z","timestamp":1791662526083,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MH123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2503805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFA1306903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1306903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2406900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2406900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identification of epileptic lesions is crucial for improving surgical outcomes. Nevertheless, substantial focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) may be invisible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We aimed to characterize the expression pattern of 18\u2010kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in FCD and to evaluate the effectiveness of this inflammation\u2010reflective molecular imaging technique for detecting FCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients clinically diagnosed with FCD, based on clinical features, interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, and MRI characteristics, underwent positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F\u2010DPA714 and\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tracers. TSPO\u2010PET activation patterns were qualitatively evaluated. Semiquantitative analysis using the Highlight Index (HI) was further performed to investigate its correlation with clinical characteristics. For patients who underwent stereo\u2010EEG (SEEG) monitoring, the site of high\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation was compared with the seizure onset zone identified by SEEG. For patients who underwent resection surgery, the relationship between TSPO\u2010PET uptake and histopathological findings was studied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010four patients were enrolled. Three groups were identified: MRI\u2010positive with visible high\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation (six patients), MRI\u2010negative with visible high\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation (thirteen patients), and MRI\u2010positive with invisible low\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation (five patients). Regions of high\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation showed concordance with ictal discharges in five patients who underwent SEEG. Compared with FDG\u2010PET, TSPO\u2010PET exhibited a more prominent signal against the background (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0158). HI was correlated with seizure frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0362) and the occurrence of focal to bilateral tonic\u2013clonic seizures (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0294), and shorter interval between the TSPO\u2010PET scan and the last seizure was associated with higher TSPO\u2010PET HI (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212.4323,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0349). Postoperative histopathological examination confirmed high\u2010level TSPO\u2010PET activation rates of 3\/3 for FCD type IIb and 1\/3 for FCD type IIa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TSPO\u2010PET activation patterns offer clinical significance for improving surgical outcomes by enhancing FCD detection during presurgical evaluation. Also, our observations offer new insights into the histopathological basis for increased TSPO uptake in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T11:26:28Z","timestamp":1741692388000},"page":"2339-2352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Emerging translocator protein\u2013positron emission tomographic imaging improves detection of focal cortical dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9722-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichen","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Epilepsy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological 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Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Epilepsy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lehong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Epilepsy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing 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Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Epilepsy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Epilepsy, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing 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