{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:12:39Z","timestamp":1783091559757,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Factors that can precipitate and\/or prolong functional seizure events are often challenging to identify. We aimed to develop a methodology to investigate peri\u2010ictal behaviors in subjects experiencing functional seizures and those around them in their home environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an iterative, four\u2010phase process to develop a codebook for operationalizing peri\u2010functional seizure behavior that involved observation of 37 functional seizures across 14 participants in the pre\u2010ictal, ictal, and post\u2010ictal phases. First, researchers reviewed and discussed the literature to devise a conceptual framework. Second, an initial codebook was drafted and refined using a test case. Third, a multi\u2010disciplinary panel provided feedback on the coding of three further cases to further refine code definitions. Finally, the drafted codebook was piloted on 20 functional seizure events, and a discrepancy analysis was conducted. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted with the pilot data, including a correlation analysis between the number of individuals present during pre\u2010ictal and ictal phases and seizure duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final codebook identifies five main factors for observers to note across the pre\u2010ictal, ictal, and post\u2010ictal phases of a functional seizure: body position, activity, behavior, nature of interaction, and number of bystanders; detailed definitions of the relevant subcodes are provided. Early exploratory analyses found that the more people present during the ictal phase, the longer the functional seizure tended to be (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.61, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to highlight the feasibility of investigating functional seizure peri\u2010ictal behavior in a home environment, offering unique benefits to capture naturalistic social factors potentially related to seizure activity. The codebook can be validated in larger datasets to improve our understanding of how peri\u2010ictal behavior impacts functional seizures; compare findings across studies; and inform the development of evidence\u2010based seizure management strategies for individuals and their carers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T09:15:59Z","timestamp":1750065359000},"page":"3385-3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a qualitative data analysis codebook for peri\u2010ictal behavior in suspected functional seizures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana","family":"Higson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Finnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewan","family":"Nurse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seer Medical  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seer Medical  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Winton\u2010Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honor","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health) The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Heidelberg Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107903"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009855"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2007.01456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2021.100502"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110335"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010021\u201005040\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17768"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108655"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16471"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106556"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.02.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109745"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896\u20106974(98)00011\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FigueroaA GhoshS AragonC.Generalized Cohen's kappa: a novel inter\u2010rater reliability metric for non\u2010mutually exclusive categories. InInternational Conference on Human\u2010Computer Interaction Springer Nature Switzerland.14015;2023. p. 19\u201334.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010031\u201035132\u20107_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35132-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.110117"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104517730116"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107461"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14040"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22345"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107916(89)90049\u20109"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera AJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epi.18491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T08:46:04Z","timestamp":1758617164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/epi.18491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/epi.18491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.18491","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}